单项选择题
1、听录音,
回答题

A．Give his ankle a good rest.
B．Treat his injury immediately.
C．Continue his regular activities.
D．Be careful when climbing steps.


2、
Transition to Sound Film
A)The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the l920s marks，so far。the most important trans formation in motion picture history．Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then．no single1anovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed．In nearly every language．however the words are phrased，the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak．
B)Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes．Nearly every movie Theatre，however modest．had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures．In many instances，spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies’visual images，from the Japanese benshi(narrators)crafting multi-voiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony．size orchestras in Europe and the United States．In Berlin，for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin。film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Ed．mund Meisel(1874—1930)on a musical score matching sound to image；the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame．
C)Beyond that，the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the l920s．New color processes，larger or differently shaped screen sizes，multiple-screen projections．even televislon，were among the developments invented or tried out during the period，sometimes with starting success．The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas．The intr0—duction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century，and color，though utilized over the next two decades for special productions，also did not become a norm until the l950s．
D)Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective，a stream of critical opinions in the1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight，just as had many previous attempts，dating well back before the First World War，to link images with recorded sound．These critics were making a common assumption that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts(poor synchronization，weak sound amplification。fragile sound recordings)would in—variably occur again．To be sure，their evaluation of the technical flaws in l920s，sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.~
E) These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation.
F) Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, be-ginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300sound films--a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level,in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer,mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.
G) A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen;more modem techniques may use wholly digital filming and storage, such as the Ruian camera which records onto hard-disk or flash cards.
H) Films usually include an optical soundtrack, which is a graphic recording of the spoken words, music and other sounds that are to accompany the images. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively re-served for it and is not projected.
I) Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating-or indoctrinating-citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer.
The most significant development in movie industry happened at the end of the 1920s.


3、
Water, Desert and Body
A) Rainfall is not completely absent, in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.
B) Arid lands, surprisingly, contain some of the world's largest fiver systems, such as the Murray-Dar- ling in Australia, the Rio Grande in North America, the Indus in Asia, and the Nile in Africa. These rivers and fiver systems are known as "exogenous" because their sources lie outside the arid zone. They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world. For centuries, the annual floods of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, for example, have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys. Today, river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention, creating a need for international river-basin agreements. The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates, with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.
C) The flow of exogenous rivers varies with the season. The desert sections of long rivers respond several months after rain has fallen outside the desert, so that peak flows may be in the dry season. This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidity, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with some crops.
D) Regularly flowing rivers and streams that originate within arid lands are known as "endogenous" (内流河). These are generally fed by groundwater springs, and many issue from limestone massifs, such as the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Basaltic rocks also support springs, notably at the Jabal AIArab on the Jordan-Syria border. Endogenous rivers often do not reach the sea but drain into inland basins, where the water evaporates or is lost in the ground. Most desert streambeds are normally dry, but they occasionally receive large flows of water and sediment.
E) Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle-feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater. In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly importantsource of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.
F) Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering. The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an "aquifer". Because they are porous, sedimentary rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates, are important potential sources of groundwater. Large quantities of water may also be stored in lime- stone when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities. Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain groundwater that are not being recharged. Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields, but they can be rapidly recharged. Some deep aquifers are known as fossil waters. The term "fossil" describes water that has been present for several thousand years. These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged.
G) Water does not remain immobile in an aquifer but can seep out at springs or leak into other aquifers. The rate of movement may be very slow : in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) ground waters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped. The mineral content of groundwater normally increases with the depth, but even quite shallow aquifers can be highly saline.
H) According to the European Federation of Bottled Water (EFBW) Group for Health's Chairman, Dr. Laurent Le Bellego, water is essential for almost all body functions as it plays an important role in the formation of cells and fluids. In Dr. Le Bellego's opinion, drinking water compensates for lost fluid and ensures adequate hydration for the body: a fact "which is fundamental to the health and welfare", as evidenced by the document, "The science on water and hydration". The document was introduced as part of the 38th World Congress of International Society of Medical Hydrology and Climatology (ISMH), which was held in Lanjaron (Granada).
I) The document also recognizes the need to drink water every day to stay properly hydrated. "Over a lifetime, water should be the preferred beverage to hydrate our bodies on a daily basis," Le Bellegosuggested. Dr. Le Bellego also warned that when you fail to drink enough fluids, your body retainswater and your urine appears dark. Among the symptoms of mild dehydration are a dry mouth, fatigue, thirst, decreased urine output, decreased mental and physical performance, headaches and dizziness. As for the amount of water that needs to be drunk, this expert has pointed to the panel of experts from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which believes that everyone should consume at least two liters of water a day. The amount should be increased depending on the physical activity and heat. The document, "The science on water and hydration", has been endorsed by the Re-search Institute of Water and Health (IIAS) and the Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians ( SE-MERGEN). and has been distributed to general practitioners.
It introduces the definition of desert and the relationship between the rainfall and landforms.


4、根据材料，回答问题。
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

A．By train and by car.
B．By plane and by coach.
C．By train and by bus.
D．By bus and by plane.


5、 听句子，回答问题。
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A．,B．, C．and D．, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

A．He is very quiet.
B．He gives amusing lectures.
C．He should give more than one series of talks.
D．He lectures only to the serious students.


填空题
6、听音频,回答题
What does it mean to obey the law? That（26）_____ where you are. Different cultures have very different views of obeying the law. In some cultures，law-abiding citizens try to keep the letter of the law. That is，whatever the law says，they do. In other cultures，good citizens live by the（27）_____ of the law. They see the law only as a general（28）_____. Often they obey the law only when someone official is looking. The situation in America fits into the first（29）_____. That doesn’t mean all Americans keep the law. But American culture teaches people to respect the law--even to the smallest detail. 
Driving habits（30）_____ American respect for the law. A driver will usually stop for a red light, even when there are no other cars around. People treat the lines marking streets and roads as（31）_____ boundaries，not just decorations. Vehicles yield to those with the right of way--particularly pedestrians. Actually，though，drivers don’t always keep traffic rules. For example，many drivers（32）_____ freeway speed limits. But Americans generally drive with careful attention to the traffic rules. 
Of course，not everyone in America abides by the law. Crime is a growing problem. For that reason，law enforcement officials will never（33）_____ a job. Police officers have their hands full trying to arrest lawbreakers. Detective agencies spend countless hours trying to（34）_____ unsolved crimes. Nevertheless, most Americans still like to believe that the law will（35）_____ catch the bad guys. 

第(26)题__________ 


简答题
7、中国高速皇塞篮（high-speed raft）网由中国铁路公司运营。该铁路网包括所有商业高速列车运行服务，邀些列车的时速平均达200公里或更高。目前中国拥有全球长的高铁线网。运营中的线路约9300公里。2012年12月25日，中国启动世界上长的线路，该线路从北京至广州，共2298公里。高铁服务于2007年引进中国。在政府的大力资助下。高铁线网正在迅速扩展。

8、大熊猫(giant pandA．是一种温顺的动物，长着独特的黑白皮毛。因其数量极少，大熊猫已被列为濒危物种。大熊猫对于世界自然基金会(WWF)有着特殊意义。自1961年该基金会成立以来，大熊猫就一直是它的徽标。大熊猫是熊科中稀有的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。目前。世界上大约有1000只大熊猫。这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。因此，确保大熊猫的生存比以往更重要。


9、听录音，回答题
Coal has not been used very extensively as an energy source recently. However，it(26)_____
will become a very important source of energy in the future because of dwindling(27) _____ of natural gas and oil. Although coal(28)_____ to be black，it actually has black，yellow，orange，and red bands of color when it is examined under a powerful microscope. Coal probably was formed about 300 million years ago by(29) _____ trees and other plant life growing in(30) _____. These trees and plants died and then fell into the water. They contained the elements oxygen，hydrogen, and(31) _____. As the earth changed its(32) _____, the weight of the ground(33) _____ down on the flees and plants. Thus seams of coal were formed.
Coal can be(34) _____underground mines found deep in the earth or from strip mines which are found near the earth’s surface. Strip lIlining is quicker and safer than underground mining，but it can leave the surface of the earth bare and ugly. Although miners still are needed in any coal mining operation, today heavy machinery does much of the hard work. While both underground and strip mines still call be hazardous, there no longer are as many accidents in coal mining as there once were. The coal miners of today(35) _____the union to which they belong the United Mine Workers of America. Many of today’s coal miners are earning good wages in an occupation which is quite sat)and very important.
第(26)题__________


10、 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a shortessay on the topic of online shopping. You should start your essay with abrief account of the advantages and disadvantages of online shopping andthen make suggestions on it. You should .~riie at least 120 zvords but nomore than 180 words.