MBA专业术语连载（十一）

M
 
Macroeconomics 宏观经济学
The study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
 
Marginal changes 边际变动
Small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
 
Marginal cost 边际成本
The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
 
Marginal product 边际产量
The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
 
Marginal product of labor 劳动的边际产量
The increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
 
Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率
The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
 
Marginal revenue 边际收益
The change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
 
Marginal tax rate 边际税率
The extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
 
Market 市场
A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
 
Market economy 市场经济
An economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
 
Market failure 市场失灵
A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
 
Market for loanable funds 可贷资金市场
The market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds
 
Market power 市场力量
The ability of a single economic factor (or small group of factors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
 
Medium of exchange 交换媒介
An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services
 
Menu costs 菜单成本
The costs of changing prices
 
Microeconomics 微观经济学
The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
 
Model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand 总需求与总供给模型
The model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend
 
Monetary neutrality 货币中性
The proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables
 
Monetary policy 货币政策
The setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
 
Money 货币
The set of assets in the economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people
 
Money multiplier 货币乘数
The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves
 
Money supply 货币供给
The quantity of money available in the economy
 
Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争
A market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
 
Monopoly 垄断
A firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes
 
Multiplier effect 乘数效应
The additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending
 
Mutual fund 共同基金
An institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bonds
 
M1, M2, M3 货币供给量的度量
measures of the money supply: M1 includes currency and checking accounts; M2 includes M1 plus savings deposits, CDs, and money market funds; M3 includes M2 plus large-denomination savings deposits and institutional money market mutual funds
 
managerial slack 管理松懈
the lack of managerial efficiency (for instance, in cutting costs) that occurs when firms are insulated from competition
 
marginal costs and benefits 边际成本和边际收益
costs and benefits that result from choosing a little bit more of one thing and a little bit less of another
 
marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向
the amount by which consumption increases when disposable income increases by a dollar
 
marginal propensity to import 边际进口倾向
the amount by which imports increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
 
marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向
the amount by which savings increase when disposable income increases by a dollar
 
marginal utility 边际效用
the extra utility, or enjoyment, a person receives from the consumption of one additional unit of a goo
 
market clearing 市场出清
situation that exists when there is neither excess supply nor excess demand
 
market failures approach 市场失灵论
the argument that government may have an economic role to play when markets fail to produce efficient outcomes
 
market labor supply curve 劳动的市场供给曲线
the relationship between the wage paid and the amount of labor willingly supplied, found by adding up the labor supply curves of all individuals in the economy
 
median voter 中间投票人
the voter such that half the population have preferences on one side of this voter (for instance, they want higher government expenditures and taxes),while the other half of the population have preferences on the other side of this voter (they want lower taxes and expenditures)
 
merit goods and bads 公益品和公害品
goods that are determined by the government to be good or bad for people, regardless for whether people desire them for themselves or not
 
mixed economy 混合经济
an economy that allocates resources through a mixture of public (governmental)and private decision making
 
model 模型
a set of assumptions and data used by economists to study an aspect of the economy and make predictions about the future or about the consequences of various policy changes
 
Modigliani-Miller theorem 莫迪利安尼—米勒定理
the theorem that says that under a simplified set of conditions, the manner in which a firm finances itself does not matter
 
monetarists 货币主义者
economists who emphasize the importance of money in the economy; they tend to believe that an appropriate monetary policy is all the economy needs from the government, and market forces will otherwise solve any macroeconomic problems
 
moral hazard 败德；道德陷阱
principle that says that those who purchase insurance have a reduced incentive to avoid what they are insured against
 
multiplier-accelerator model 乘数—加速数模型
a model that relates business cycles to the internal workings of the economy, showing how changes in investment and output reinforce each other; the central ingredients of the model are the multiplier and the accelerator
 
multilateral trade 多边贸易
trade between more than two parties
  来源:考试大-MBA考试站

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