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Part Writing(30 minutes)

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Aid--Education in China

Part Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning(15 minutes)

For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with information given in the passage.

Will We Run Out of Water?
Picture a ghost ship sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages.
Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral sea (̺in Central Asia, its all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water forfarmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding (ʹdzships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.
Similar large--scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century.
Growing populations will worsen problems with water, says Peter H.Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one--third of the worlds projected (Ԥġ8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.

WHERE WATER GOES
Only 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Two--thirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers (ɽand ice caps ǡ. In fact, only a tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation (rain or snow.
Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon river basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the worlds population has access to only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwaterabout the amount of water in Lake Superior(ձ. And people use half of this amount already. If water demand continues to climb rapidly, says Postel, there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic (ˮġenvironment.

CLOSE TO HOME
Water woes(ѡmay seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in aquifers (ˮ㡢layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of them for water faster than nature can replenish(䡢it. In northwest Texas, for example, overpumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.
Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium (ӳ桢a microbe (΢that causes fever, diarrhea (кand vomiting.

THE SOURCE
Where so contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw (δġsewage(ˮinto the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne (ˮȾġdiseases.
In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products.Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (Ȼor PCBs, have been banned in the United States.
But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners (ϡͼdown the drain; all of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste.
Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects but insects but that pollute water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogen--rich fertilizer that helps plants grow but that can wreak havoc (ƻon the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates overenrich these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.

WHATS THE SOLUTION?
Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water--related problems; governments, for instance, would be better off building small--scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.
More than 1 billion people worldwide dont have access to basic clean drinking water, says Gleick. There has to be a strong push on the part of everyonegovernments and ordinary peopleto make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.

1. That the huge water projects have diverted the rivers causes the Aral Sea to shrink.
2. The construction of massive dams and irrigation projects does more good than harm.
3. The chief causes of water shortage are population growth and water pollution.
4. The problems Americans face concerning water are ground water shrinkage and tap water pollution.
5. According to the passage all water pollutants come from household waste.
6. The people living in the United States will not be faced with water shortages.
7. Water expert Gleick has come up with the best solution to waterrelated problems.
8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025, as many as of the worlds people will suffer from water shortages.
9. Two thirds of the freshwater on Earth is locked in .
10. In developed countries, before toxic chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be treated in order to avoid .