Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D].You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
There are many ways of defining success. It is accurate to say that each of us has our own concept of success to the extent that each of us is responsible for setting our own goals and determining whether we have met these goals satisfactorily. Because each of us possesses unique differences in genetic ability and favorable environments in which to express these abilities, it is necessarily true that we must define success broadly.
For some people, simply being able to live their life with a minimum of misery and suffering is considered a success. Think of the peace of mind of the poor shepherd who tends his sheep, enjoys his frugal life with his family in the beauty of nature, and who is respected because he does a good job of achieving the goals expected of and accepted by him and his society. On the other hand, it seems that even though some people appear to be rich in material possessions, many of them seem to be miserable and consider themselves unsuccessful when judged by their own goals of success. Because not all ventures can be successful, one should not set unrealistic goals for achieving success, but if one has self-confidence it would be unfortunate to set ones goals at too low a level of achievement.
A wise counselor once said to a young man who was experiencing frustration with his own professional success: You do not have to set your goal to reach the moon in order to have success in traveling. Sometimes one can be very successful merely by taking a walk in the park, or riding the subway downtown, The counselor added, You have not really failed and spoiled your chances for success until you have been unsuccessful at something you really like, and to which you have given your best effort.
57.In the first paragraph, the author implies that are essential in achieving success.
[A]ability and goals [B]goals and determination
[C]ability and environment [D]goals and environment
58.The word frugal(Line 2, Para. 2) means .
[A]wealthy [B]wasteful
[C]thrifty [D]miserable
59.Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because .
[A]their life is miserable [B]they do not live in peace
[C]their goals are too low [D]they are not rich enough by their own standards
60.The last paragraph implies that .
[A]we should have high goals
[B]success means achieving great goals
[C]success means taking a walk in the park
[D]success means trying ones best at what one really likes
61.This passage mainly talks about .
[A]the definition of success [B]how to achieve success
[C]how to set goals [D]the importance of goals
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Teaching children to read well from the start is the most important task of elementary schools. But relying on educators to approach this task correctly can be a great mistake. Many schools continue to employ instructional methods that have been proven ineffective. The staying power of the looksay or wholeword method of teaching beginning reading is perhaps the most flagrant example of this failure to instruct effectively.
The whole-word approach to reading stresses the meaning of words over the meaning of letters, thinking over decoding, developing a sight vocabulary of familiar words over developing the ability to unlock the pronunciation of unfamiliar words. It fits in with the selfdirected, learning how to learn activities recommended by advocates ()of open classrooms and with the concept that children have to be developmentally ready to begin reading. Before 1963, no major publisher put out anything but these Run-Spot-Run readers.
However, in 1955, Rudolf Flesch touched off what has been called the great debate in beginning reading. In his best-seller Why Johnny Cant Read, Flesch indicted()the nations public schools for miseducating students by using the looksay method. He saidand more scholarly studies by Jeane Chall and Rovert Dykstra later confirmedthat another approach to beginning reading, founded on phonics(学), is far superior.
Systematic phonics first teaches children to associate letters and letter combinations with sounds; it then teaches them how to blend these sounds together to make words. Rather than building up a relatively limited vocabulary of memorized words, it imparts a code by which the pronunciations of the vast majority of the most common words in the English language can be learned. Phonics does not devalue the importance of thinking about the meaning of words and sentences; it simply recognizes that decoding is the logical and necessary first step.
62.The author feels that counting on educators to teach reading correctly is .
[A]only logical and natural[B]the expected position
[C]probably a mistake [D]merely effective instruction
63.The author indicts the look-say reading approach because .
[A]it overlooks decoding[B]Rudolf Flesch agrees with him
[C]he says it is boring [D]many schools continue to use this method
64.One major difference between the look-say method of learning reading and the phonics method is .
[A]look-say is simpler[B]phonics takes longer to learn
[C]look-say is easier to teach [D]phonics gives readers access to far more words
65.The phrase touch off (Line 1, Para.3) most probably means .
[A]talk about shortly [B]start or cause
[C]compare with [D]oppose
66.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?
[A]Phonics approach regards whole-word method as unimportant.
[B]The wholeword approach emphasizes decoding.
[C]In phonics approach, it is necessary and logical to employ decoding.
[D]Phonics is superior because it stresses the meaning of words thus the vast majority of most common words can be learned.

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