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1. 卮68-10
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentratedas that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: forinstance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. Thearea of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital andambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer andinformation services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, thewhole economic system is in danger.
It is this economic interdependency of the economic system whichmakes the power of trade unions ()such an important issue. Single trade unionshave the ability to cut off many countries' economic blood supply.
This can happen more easily in Britain than in some othercountries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percentof British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the UnitedStates.
For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to developalong trade (业) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industrybasis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement ofprocedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade unionmovement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Someunions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.
thers are involved in arguments about who should represent workersin new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions,which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a sourceof bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushedout of existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members'disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatenedor destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and inBritain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on totheir traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions have problems of internal communication just asmanagers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or inthose which bring workers in very different industries together into a single generalunionSome tradeunion officials have to be reelected regularlyothers are electedor even appointedfor lifeTrade union officials have to workwith a system ofshop stewards(舜)in many unionsshop stewardsbeing workers elected by other workers as theirrepresentatives at factory or work level

Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain
ABecause the economy is very interdependent
BBecause the unions have been established a long time
CBecause there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere
DBecause there are many essential services offered by the unions

2. 冢52洗鸢浮
3. Questions10-61 are based oil the conversation you have just heard

What will the man do tonight?
AHe will return to his hometown
BHe will play tennis
CHe will join the woman for dinner
DHe will go to a coffee shop with the woman

4. Questions61-37 are based onthe following passage.
A useful definition of an air pollutantis a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmospherein suchquantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or material adversely (泻兀. Air pollution requires avery flexibledefinition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution lawswere established inEngland in the fourteenth century, air pollutants werelimited to compounds that could be seen or smelleda farcry (牟 from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. Astechnology has developed andknowledge of the health aspects of variouschemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. Inthefuture, even water vapor (水 might be consideredan air pollutant under certain conditions.
Many of the more important airpollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides,arefound in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentrations ( 浓龋 of these pollutants were altered byvariouschemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical (学模 cycles. These serve as an airpurification scheme by allowing thecompounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis,nature'soutput of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities. However,human productionusually occurs in a localized area, such as a city.
In this localized region, human outputmay be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purificationscheme ofthe cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious ( 泻模 chemicals in the air. Theconcentrations atwhich the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations thatthe pollutants wouldhave in the absence of human activities. The actualconcentration need not be large for a substance to be apollutant; in fact thenumerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase thisrepresents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. Forexample, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at0.08 parts per million(ppm, which is about 400 times its natural level.Carbon monoxide, however, has a naturallevel of 0.1 ppm and is not usually apollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.

It can be inferred from thefirst paragraph that _________
Awater vapor is an air pollutant in localized areas
Bthe definition of air pollution will continue to change
Ca substance becomes an air pollutant only in cities
Dmost air pollutants today can be seen or smelled


5. Many a time____(些学要山)but they wouldnt listen
6. Caught in the Web
A few months ago, it wasn't unusual for 47-year-old Carla Toebe to spend 15 hours per day online. She'd wake up early, turn on her laptop and chat on Internet dating sites and instant-messaging programs C leaving her bed for only brief intervals. Her household bills piled up, along with the dishes and dirty laundry, but it took near-constant complaints from her four daughters before she realized she had a problem.
"I was starting to feel like my whole world was falling apart C kind of slipping into a depression," said Carla. "I knew that if I didn't get off the dating sites, I'd just keep going," detaching (使) herself further from the outside world.
Toebe's conclusion: She felt like she was "addicted" to the Internet. She's not alone.
Concern about excessive Internet use isn't new. As far back as 1995, articles in medical journals and the establishment of a Pennsylvania treatment center for overusers generated interest in the subject. There's still no consensus on how much time online constitutes too much or whether addiction is possible.
But as reliance on the Web grows, there are signs that the question is getting more serious attention: Last month, a study published in CNS Spectrums claimed to be the first large-scale look at excessive Internet use. The American Psychiatric Association may consider listing Internet addiction in the next edition of its diagnostic manual. And scores of online discussion boards have popped up on which people discuss negative experiences tied to too much time on the Web.
"There's no question that there're people who're seriously in trouble because they're overdoing their Internet involvement," said psychiatrist (医) Ivan Goldberg. Goldberg calls the problem a disorder rather than a true addiction.
Jonathan Bishop, a researcher in Wales specializing in online communities, is more skeptical. "The Internet is an environment," he said. "You can't be addicted to the environment." Bishop describes the problem as simply a matter of priorities, which can be solved by encouraging people to prioritize other life goals and plans in place of time spent online.
The new CNS Spectrums study was based on results of a nationwide telephone survey of more than 2,500 adults. Like the 2005 survey, this one was conducted by Stanford University researchers.About 6% of respondents reported that "their relationships suffered because of excessive Internet use." About 9% attempted to conceal "nonessential Internet use," and nearly 4% reported feeling "preoccupied by the Internet when offline."
About 8% said they used the Internet as a way to escape problems, and almost 14% reported they "found it hard to stay away from the Internet for several days at a time."
"The Internet problem is still in its infancy," said Elias Aboujaoude, a Stanford professor. No single online activity is to blame for excessive use, he said. "They're online in chat rooms, checking e-mail, or writing blogs. The problem is not limited to porn (色) or gambling websites.
Excessive Internet use should be defined not by the number of hours spent online but in terms of losses, said Maressa Orzack, a Harvard University professor. If it's a loss where you're not getting to work, and family relationships are breaking down as a result, then it's too much.
Since the early 1990s, several clinics have been established in the US to treat heavy Internet users. They include the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery and the Center for Internet Behavior.
The website for Orzack's center lists the following among the psychological symptoms of computer addiction:f
·Having a sense of well-being (腋) or excitement while at the computer.
·Longing for more and more time at the computer.f
·Neglect of family and friends.f
·Feeling empty, depressed or irritable when not at the computer.f
·Lying to employers and family about activities.f
·Inability to stop the activity.f
·Problems with school or job.
Physical symptoms listed include dry eyes, backaches, skipping meals, poor personal hygiene () and sleep disturbances.
People who struggle with excessive Internet use may be depressed or have other mood disorders, Orzack said. When she discusses Internet habits with her patients, they often report that being online offers a sense of belonging, an escape, excitement and fun, she said. Some people say relief...because they find themselves so relaxed.
Some parts of the Internet seem to draw people in more than others. Internet gamers spend countless hours competing in games against people from all over the world. One such game, called World of Warcraft, is cited on many sites by posters complaining of a gaming addiction.
Andrew Heidrich, an education network administrator from Sacramento, plays World of Warcraft for about two to four hours every other night, but that's nothing compared with the 40 to 60 hours a week he spent playing online games when he was in college. He cut back only after a full-scale family intervention (预), in which relatives told him he'd gained weight.
There's this whole culture of competition that sucks people in with online gaming, said Heidrich, now a father of two. People do it at the expense of everything that was a constant in their lives. Heidrich now visits websites that discuss gaming addiction regularly to remind myself to keep my love for online games in check.
Toebe also regularly visits a site where posters discuss Internet overuse. In August, when she first realized she had a problem, she posted a message on a Yahoo Internet addiction group with the subject line: I have an Internet Addiction.
I'm self-employed and need the Internet for my work, but I'm failing to accomplish my work, to take care of my home, to give attention to my children, she wrote in a message sent to the group. I have no money or insurance to get professional help; I can't even pay my mortgage (押) and face losing everything.
Since then, Toebe said, she has kept her promise to herself to cut back on her Internet use. I have a boyfriend now, and I'm not interested in online dating, she said by phone last week. It's a lot better now.
What eventually made Carla Toebe realize she was spending too much time on the Internet?
Her daughters' repeated complaints.
Fatigue resulting from lack of sleep.
The poorly managed state of her house.
The high financial costs adding up.
7. __________(某屎)the declining death rate contributed to the population growth
8. Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions{TSE} are based on the following passage.
Since the late 1800s, more and more women have joined the word force. In the 1890s, only about 17% of women worked 36 of the home. Besides farm work, their jobs were mainly in traditional womens fields such as teaching, nursing and 37 service. Women also worked in textile and garment factories. By the 1900s, the percent of employed women rose 38 , to about 20%. Occupations that were opening up to women at this time included secretary, telephone operator, and sales clerk.
During the Great Depression in 1930s, money and jobs were 39 , and many people became unemployed. Women had an especially hard time finding work. In the 1940s and United States was fighting World War II. As more and more men were 40 up to fight, many jobs opened up to women. For the first time in U. S. history, many women worked in 41 industry. By now, about 45% of women were employed.
After the war, many people 42 women to give up their jobs. They felt that the jobs should go to the men returning from war. So, by the 1950s, there were fewer women working, and fewer jobs 43 open to women. In the 1950s women were encouraged to stay at home and keep house.
Beginning in the 1960s, the 44 of women working gradually rose. In the 1960s, 35% of women had jobs, in the 1970s, 44% had jobs. Women now worked as stockbrokers, doctors, and lawyers in addition to the more 45 jobs.
A) amount         F) greatly      K) percent
B) called             G) heavy      L) remained
C) demanded     H) inside       M) scarce
D) domestic       I) light          N) slightly
E) expected     J) outside       O) traditional

36.

9. Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in that the more you give, ________.

写
10. 1泻芏喜
2
3慕
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