deductive reasoning械疃瓜Ｊ鼻狙杜ㄐ救つ壳扒度浑不呒学慕缍ㄋＺ揭惶窖抵ば局叭叫关颠佳е缎家杰�
呒学logic时也呒一式为要芯目学史展牟同锥危通为统呒traditional logic执呒modern logic夜,1993统呒指庸希士拢Aristotle19徒执展锥前展式呒系郏执呒呒一芯reasoning为莶学实墓学疲式呒formal logic执式
呒学校一蚣父猓╬roposition为莼缘贸一思维獭为莼傻一蚣父前幔╬romise前贸歉慕郏conclusion
为头nondeductive reasoning唷Ｎ登搬都妫比绘。式呒专芯傻目学要指指诠煞械某些
傻模式也式傻摹谓猓ㄓ乘嘉轿衡都莺式妗Ｖ赣呈街篙迪凳竭际揭烩都牟伞
睿╯ubject示母睿“械猫嵌铩币恍的∶ㄊ∵佳窼示
谓睿╬redicate示谢虿痪某驶泄系母睿“械猫嵌铩币恍的★”省呒学通母P示
睿╟opula谓母睢Ｎ锻分∏巴∏∈沮瓜敌趁∪∈就∏∈沮瓜敌趁＄…示一锌隙罨骨拘奉，为剩quality
睿╭uantifier示母睢Ｒ晃肺Ｒ蝗，示一卸全朔映通谩小一小示诙爻睿疽恍端酚澄慈惩⌒的⌒┦疽磺殿，示一卸拥某一朔映谩歉示一说晒岬饺�
屎慕希一砂为郑为1-1
1-1只
|
|
母 |
系 |
Euler图锌艿榫� |
|
全瓶隙 |
A |
械SP |
12 |
|
全品 |
E |
械SP |
5 |
|
爻瓶隙 |
I |
些SP |
1234 |
|
爻品 |
O |
些SP |
345 |
图1-1 SP之系Euler图
械状态怨之墓系什Euler图堑暮濉Ｍ�1-1 谓之械止系榫�1校同 SP嗷ネ�,S示耍P示XY染色缘恕榫�2校SP蛹也说械SP校牵械P却S纾琍铮琒榫�3榫�2娣碢S蛹榫�4校PS胁氐些SP也些PS, S耍P摺榫�5校SP懦猓菜抵恍雇吃辩，S猫P
郾1-1只Euler图之嗷ハ等肯垛（A械SP瓤员示SP同榫�1 也员示SP蛹榫�2全品猓‥械SP示之腔懦模只榫� 5实摹爻瓶隙猓↖些SP嗷ヅ抽境5猓境1234卸实摹爻品猓∣些SP榫�345卸摹
式呒校莶同姆准远胁同姆唷�
龋前徒之谋准欠毯系园为然apodeictic reasoning突然probability reasoning帧前徒之毯系然谴一愕角巴街惶合等悔蝗恍Ｌ的餐吭肺猧nductive reasoning獾揭籥nalogous reasoning獾�
危校前羌饣骨糕，挚园为simple reasoning透complex reasoning校挚俜为syllogistic reasoning凸系relation reasoning也俜为association reasoning选disjunctive reasoning图hypothetical reasoning汀
然式呒思维式芯千史思维锌学芯却式呒专1879辏Wundt诘鹿学系一学实液学哟顺为一哦目学思维疃狄谎б蹲⑺夹鹃。学为芯一趴学芯说母芯知蟆⒓洹⑺嘉的活动杉烁取每一专芯侄猿为学姆支学疲芯学思维学烁学鹊取姆展目前学芯式知学知学芯知识幕煤知识使霉傻目学芯式图息庸墓鄣说疃Ｄ钢动为息搿㈦、娲⑻Ｋ嘉动为息取使霉獭思维知识煤知识使霉写诤牡位耍思维疃疽苍皆轿灸褐�
啵簅nmars
