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һҵĹҪ
ڹʷϣָȷΧӵľһȨ֯Ȩʵ塣ɹҵҪУһʻûʻ޷棬޹Ͻռ޷ͳΡĹûеģĴСȫ񣬾Ӱҵijھ񡢹һĶӵɵģûо㲻ܹɹҡ˿ڵĶ٣״ӰΪʷʸ񡣢ǹҵʵйϽнǹϺ֯ϵ֣ǹ֯ĸû᲻ܳΪңľʽϵ⣬ӰҵĴڡȨȨһҶشڶȨȨdzģȴǹҵĸԡһ֮ڣоȴûȨֻطλֳأܳΪҡ
ҵܶ࣬ɰͬı׼ͬķ࣬ҽṹʽɷΪһҺϹңϹֿɷΪͰȵȡʹȨ״ɷΪȫȨȨ޹Ȩ޹ְӹͱ
һҺϹ
һ򹹳ɵͳһȨĹҡʵͳһ뼯ȨȫӵͳһܷͳһĹͳһ˾أڹڲ򣬸ĵطͳһ쵼ڶϵϣʹ⽻Ȩ
ڹʷϣһһʷ֣ĵطǹʷ塣ЩҵIJӵ൱Ȩոùܷ涨һȨعۡųΪҹرڲӰҹһʣΪرͰرҹڵǰʷʵСһơͳһĹ֯ʽһ֣Ƕйһ򣬲йʷʸ
ֳңָϵԱɵĹϣϹңϹ͡ҪʽͳһܷͳһȨغأͳһĹԱĹϵܷԱһԣڸԹϽķΧʹְȨܶҵĹʵλͬеҵijԱӵһ̶ȵ⽻ȨһΪһͳһĹʷ壬Աɹʷ塣
ָϵȨΪijضĿĸݹԼɵĹϡûͳһȨغأûͳһӣԱȨңӵ⽻ȫȨûͳһĹԱ䱾ϵ͵İ18151866ĵ־ͬˡһΪǹʷ壬ɰijԱǹʷ塣
ȫȨȨ޹
ȫȨָʹȫȨĹңȨܹڲκҵĿơ֧ȫڡĹҡϵļѻȫȫȨ
Ȩ޹ָijԭùȨܵƲܳʹĹҡ䰴ƵԸΪԸijЩȨԸսȨڱȷijЩȨΪĸƵ޷Ϊƣӹڶƣ类ԼıȨܵƣеʱȨսԵ¡յһʱڵĹƺռ졣
ָݹԼʳϣڶϵԸеĹҡϸ񽲣ɵĹֻͣǾijλȨҡȷλҪ۷ùԸе񣬳⣬öսμӾͬ˼Լڿ͹۷ҳŵ֤ùλʵһּжйعұʾĬʾͬʹùλҲ˵ԸùĵԼʹܽһĵ
ҪУٳ˵Ե⣬öսڲõ޽λִԼͬԼͬЭȣڱսб־͹ƽ򣻢ܲòʹԼսж粻ӹפ侳ڽ»أΪսṩòμӶľõƺ;÷ȵƶʼ19ͳȳΪʿ侭սλδı䣬Ϊĵ͡µڵڶսҲȷΪ
ҵĻȨ
ҵĻȨָΪʷеġԵȨԹҵĻȨһ㶼
һȨ
ָҿ԰Լ־⽻񣬶ƺ͸ȨȨݣһԣʹȨȫԣȨΧڴ档ȨȨڶϵϵ֣ijϣȨȨ
ȨȰζҲöζǾöǰᣬöζıϡ
ƽȨ
ָڹʹϵоеͬҴȫƽȵλȨȨڹҹϵϵı֡ȨڹʹϵлϽҲƽȵزʷƶͬȵȨͳеͬȵ
ִʷҪ󣬹ƽӦʵƽȣʽϵƽȣͬȵȨͬȵ񡣹ʷ涨˹ƽȨֱʽԴˣʵУӦͬء
Ȩ
ָΪԼͶչйȨݣһǹȨй裬ԣһǵܵʱԽеͼ
µйع涨͹ʵȨֺĹҺ͹壬ֻڹȨζ⵽ֺʮΣȲѵ£ʹȨ¶ȨʹȨʹڰȡάֹʺƽ밲ȫİ취ǰһҪжѲȡӦֹͣȨڰල½УʹȨĹ񽫲ȡʩᱨ档
ģϽȨ
ָҶڵһˡ¼Լضˡ¼еʹϽȨһΪϽȨĸ棺
1ϽֳԽȨָҶڵˡͷ¼ձɽйϽȨҪΪϽĶͷΧϽǹҹϽȨĹϽڹϽͻʱԽȨԽȨǾԣȨˣҲþڵҲƲ͹Ϊ
ϽȨʹҪܹʷơ磬ʹعϽȨʱӦ˹ϽȨ캣ʹϽȨʱӦԤϵڲ񣬲޺ͨñ߽ʱӦڹ͹档ڹʺпӶεԼ񣻾뾳ú;ôعϽȨԼȵȡ
2ϽֳԽȨָȨԾˣڹڻڹ⣬йϽȨ
ҪԹΪϽı׼ҹϽҪԾ˻ùضƩ磬ϽȨָҶԺڱ캣򹫺ľбĴйϽȨǼǹϽȨָĹԷջ򹫿յıյĹϽ
ҹҲйϽĹ涨硶̷7ԱķⷸĹϽȨ涨ҹҹⷸ涨֮ģñǰ涨Ϊͽ̵ģԲ׷ʹ˹ϽȨ뷸ععϽȨͻ˫ӦЭ̽
3ԹϽҶֺһΪеĹϽΪ˵ĹҲΪںεء
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4ձԹϽָڹʷ涨ΥȫĹУ۷˵ĹΪںεأձȨʵеĹϽ
ʹֹϽȨķǹԼ磬ڶսƶġŷ޹ʾ·¡͡Զʾ·ͥ¡涨ƻƽսΣձԹϽԭ򡣡Ϲ󷨹Լ涨ԺձԹϽԭ򡣴⣬ūͶƷнٳ֡ΪǷձԹϽĶĿǰ޶ۡ
ҵ˾Ȩ
Ҷڵһˡ¼ȨʹϽǹҲܶԪסԱԼĹΪ͹ҲƲʹϽ˾Ȩ
Ԫס⽻Աڶ⽻Ȩͻ⣬һϵĹʹ֮˾⡢ΪǴңͬʱҲΪȷЧְִ
Ϊ͹ҲƲҲ˾ȨǴӡƽ֮޹ϽȨһһϰ߹ʷ򡣸򣬷ǹȨΪ͹ҲƲDzԺߵģ֮ΪԻԭ򡱡磬1812꽻׺Ű׺ԭΪ˽̴1810ڹΪصľòûգijΪ1812ôϵʻۿڣԭ׺ŵԺϣҪѺô߷Ժгƣںƽ״̬۵£ԺϽ
һ1879ʱŰΪʱʴԺߣΪ˴ҵΪܻ⣬߷ԺԭоأΪҽͧʹҵԻҲܻͬ⡣
20ԺڹձҵһЩҵķԺڴȨİʱѹΪҵΪ Ϊ߿ܻ⣬ǰ߲ܻ⣬ν޻ԭ򡱻Իԭ򡱡һսŷң¡⡢ȡɡʿ¡ϣȹת޻Ӣŷת޻ٵһҡ
ȥžԻġ1976꣬ͨȨⷨٳҲܻӶȡ޻ĿǰҶȡ޻ԭ򣬴չйȻȡԻԭ
ȨǴӹȨƽԭһϰ߹ʷ򣬶ĿǰһЩҵй޻ͷԺһĹڷܸԻȡȨĴͳϰ߹Ҳδγɹϵϰ߹ʷ