ڶڹʷԨԴ

ڶ  ʷԨԴ

һʷԨԴ
ʷԨԴǹʷԭ򡢹͹¡ƶȵһγֵĵطıʽǹʷ֤зɵľձõĹѾڵ֤ݺͱֹЧķʽ
ڹʷԨԴݣѧǵĿһ£ѹԼ͹ϰΪʷҪԨԴȴûзġӦصչԼ͹ϰҪ㡣
һԼ
ԼǹʷԨԴ֮һʷĶԼбֳġеĹԼǹʷԨԴԼʿɷΪ취Լ͡ԼԼ
취Լlaw  -making treatyָҲμӵƶͬصΪΪĿIJйͬصΪ淶Լ彲ָʷμӻϵܹԹʷԭ򣬹淶ȷϡ޶ĹԼ磬Ϲ¡󷨹ԼάҲԼԼȵȣǶ취ԼϿڶIJμӹоµĹʷ淶ˣ취ԼֱӵĹʷԨԴ
ԼԼcontractual treatyָ֮ȷضȨԼ罻ͨЭóЭ࣬Ƕ˫ԼǶԾЭ飬ڴĿĴﵽ󼴸ֹܴƹʷ򣬶ԵԼоձʣֱӲһʷ淶ԼԼֱӳΪʷԨԴֻоչԼع򱻷òϣ򹹳ɹϰߺܳΪӵԨԴ
ѧΪԼԷǵԼûоԼԼֻڵԼ֮乹ɡʷΪձһʷ취Լ涨ձܵԭ͹滮ǡһʷǣֻЩԴµĹʷԭ򡢹淶ıйʷԭ򡢹淶ΪĿĵ취ԼſΪձõĹʷԨԴ
Ҳţʵϣ취ԼԼԼǺϸֵģΪԼǸӵģ취ԼгԼԵľߵȨ񣬶ԼԼʱҲֳ취ԡԭ͹ˣһкϷЧԼΪʷԨԴǽΪȷĹ۵㡣
ϰ
ϰߣƹϰ߷ָڵĹʽγɵIJĵΪ򡣹ϰĬʾĹͬͬйҲģǴձ鷨ɾķʽ
1ϰʹ
ʵУϰߡ롰ʹinternational usageãڹʷУʵںʶ𡣹ϰרָзɾĹʹʹĸʹʱй֣֮ĹȰзɾĹϰڣҲδзɾġͨgeneral practiceơususϰͬʱʹûͨ£ʹȡ庬壬ΪδзɾͨʹãʷԺԼ38һԴ˱ʵУ൱ʱ󣬱Ϊ˷ɾתΪϰߣΪ֤֮ͨΪߡ
ڹʷѧһΪϰʹͬ1ʹδȫЧĹ߳ΪϰǸظõľзɾIJĵķɹ淶2໥ìܵģϰӦ໥ͳһһµġ
ϰɸڳڵĹʽʵظͬƵΪ߳չΪһԾķΪϰ߹淶ϰ߷
2ϰҪعɪ
һǸظΪأƿ͹أָijֺ͹൱ʱڡ͡ǰһ¡ʵDZΪзɾأأָΪɣõȷšopinio jurisȱһɡ⣬ʱ䡢ظƵʻһĬԼ֤ݵء
ڹϰDzĵģûһרŷļֹϰߵԭ͹淶ˣڹʵгɲΪϰ߲ܵƾijһijȨ˵ѰҸ֤ݡ֤ݱڹϰγɵֵ֮У1֮⽻ϵʵҪԼԡ⽻У2֯ʵҪھ顢оУ3ڲΪڹڷ桢оʽС1990ǺŰʱҵˡսʱڽսһغС洬òĹڵ֤ݣ֤ڶսʱڡ½ܰУʷԺΪ½ܹԼ6صмԭûгΪϰ߹ΪӸĻʵҲ֤ݡɴϰ֤ݵҪá
ϰDZȹԼϡԭʼĹʷԨԴڹԼ֮ǰͳ˹ϰߡϰǴͳʷϵҪԨԴ20ǽʮϰߵŹԼĴϰȻǹʷԨԴвɻȱҪʽ֮һԼδ漰ĹȻŲá
һ㷨ԭ
ʷԺԼ38涨Ժаʱáһ㷨ԭΪߡôһ㷨ԭ򡱾ָʲôDzȷġˣѧ߶Դ˲˼ֲͬļ⡣һΪһ㷨ԭҲǹʷһԭԭǰϵִ˵ʵʷһԭԭԢڹԼ͹ϰ֮ˣһ֡һ㷨ԭ򡱣ڶΪһ㷨ԭԡһ㷨ʶ˵˱ȻѧɵĹ۵㡣ʵϣԸֲͬξƶȵȨΪԱĹܲһ㷨ʶġһ㷨ʶҲʷԭ͹򣻵Ϊһ㷨ԭǸϵĹеԭ򣬾ܸϵкܴͬϾһЩͬԭʱЧ⡢ֹԭ򣬶ЩԭڸϵжDzõġˣѡһ㷨ԭΪϵеԭǿԽܵĹ۵㡣
ģȷԭĸ
ʷԺԼ38涨ԺаʱΪȷԭϵ˾ȨߵĹѧҵѧ˵ΪǡȷԭIJϡֻΪijЩڵ֤ݡνϡ京ָԵġҪķЩȷijԭǷڣ䱾ǷԨԴ
˾ҪָʻԹ˾غ͹ٲ÷ͥ
ȨߵĹѧѧ˵Ϊʷԭ͹ƶȵĴṩ֤ݡ
֯͹ʻͨľԵļһڽʣзɾӳеĻγɵĹʷԭ򡢹͹ƶȣҲȷԭá
ʷı
ʷıǰɢڹԼ͹ϰеĸԭ򼰹淶ϵͳͷ仯Ļȷзɡlex lataƶӦзɡlex ferendaһǰѷɢйʷԭ򡢹򶩳ɷ䣬ʹɢԭ͹򷨵仯ǰʽͳһʷԭ򡢹򣬶·ɡ
ʷ벻ͬڹʷࣨcollection of international lawҪֹ淶ìܣȱݣʹȷϵͳֲڹinternational legislationҪձܷܺЧԹʷķչӰʹٽá
ʽΪȫ淨仯͸𷨵仯ȫ淨仯ѹʷԭ򡢹һķ֮СڷأҲܲʵδʵ֡𷨵仯ҪѸŵԭ򡢹滮ϵͳűı룬ʹ֮Ϊŷķ䣬纣󷨣սȡһʵеıʽʽΪʷҪʽĹʷ빤Ϊֹֻôʽ
ӱзǹٷ͹ٷ֮֡ǹٷָ˻ѧı룬Ϊ18Ӣѧ߱׳ٷָ֮֯еı롣
19Ϳʼ˹ٷʷĻ1856ǩġϹʷԭԡ˵ǹٷʷĿʼ֮κƽԼһսĹˣе˹ٷʷĹ
Ϲ֯Ľʷ빤뵽һ½׶ΡϹ¡131涨Ӧоɽ飬ԡᳫʷ𽥷չ롣ΪʵְϹ1947飬ʷίԱᣬ1948꾭ѡٲʷίԱϹʷҪǣ͹ʷӦ涨һЩ򡰸ʵʩδַչΪɵġһЩ⹫ԼݰԴٽʷĽչйʷЩѾй㷺ʵѧ˵ڡʹʷӾȷĻϵͳ
ΪֹʷίԱĹԼݰݰʮ漰ʷ򣬱빤ȡĿijɾͣԹʷķչ൱Ӱ졣