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ʷĵλһҪۺʵ⣬漰棬Ӧص:
һʷڷϵ
ʷڷĹϵǹʷ⣬Ҳ漰ʵ⡣19ʷѧڹʷڷϵֲͬţڷ˵ʷ˵ڷƽ˵ǰѧ˵ΪһԪۡMonismѧ˵ΪԪۡDualism
ڷ˵Ϊʷڷͬһϵʷڹڷҵ־ǾԵġ޵ģʷЧڹڷʷֻڷзЧһѧ˵ʢ19ĩɵ¹ʷѧҪҮڿˡIJ߶ˡִʷѧ˵ĴҪȣȱݡѧ˵ÿҶӵдڱڷĹʷҶԼĹʷ˵ʵϸı˹ʷʣʹ˸ġ⹫Σѧ˵ĺĴڣĨɷ˹ʷãӸϷ񶨹ʷڵ塣ٴΣְѹ־ԻӶ񶨹ʷЧΪӦǿŵҪԴﵽѱ־ǿڹᣬʵͳȫĿġ
ʷ˵ŹʷڷͬһϵţڷɵȼϣΪڷڹʷڵͼ淶ЧʷʷȨҪΥʷĹڷϳʷЧڡ߹淶־ءһŵĴеһսĵ˹ѵ˹Ⱥ͵ڶսĿɭյȵȡ
ִʷĹ۵㿴һѧ˵Ĵڣһ͵ġɽݡڷԹɣڹʹϵиͬ־µġ߹淶γɣڶĴڡ˹Ȩѧ˵ĽҪ񶨹־񶨹ȨΪ۹ţƶ編ṩ۸ݡ
ʷڷƽ˵ŹʷڷֲͬķϵǵĶ塢ԨԴЧݵȷ涼ͬ߸ԶΪڷЧһ־ʷЧǶġͬ־߻ڶԵȶĵλٺͰ±ķѴĦ˹¬ȡѧ˵IJ֮ڣǿ˹ʷڷIJͬ໥ϵߵĶ
ΪʷڷǷɵϵڹǹڷƶߣǹʷƶIJߣ߱˴֮еϵ͸ಹ䣬ǻųͶƶʱҪǵʷĹ淶Ҫڲƶ                                   ԼʱҲҪע⵽ڷԭ
ʷڷϵʵ
ӳʵϣʷڷϵĺľǹڹִйʷеĹ⡣漰һڷԺǷֱùʷԼʷڷͻʱ÷ɵ⡣
ʵУҪʹʷڹڵʵʩҪ⣺һǰλãǽͻ
һλê
1ȷԴʷ
ڹʵУʷܸԤҰȨԭƶĹڷܰѹʷ編֮ϵķɹʷġΪȨҶǶģʷֻǵϵķ漰ڹҶڡҪ                                   κιҲԹʷΪڸȨΧڵ񡣡Ϲ¡2 7ԴȷĹ涨
2ڷλãӦܹϹʷԸеĹԼ彲
1 Ҳƶ빫ϹʷԭִĹùĹ涨ıʷԭ滮
2 һijԼͬԲμӣijͬԱⶼڹȨΧڵ¡ѾμӵԼӦزԼǹҾʹڷеԼҲ˵ΪڹʵʩʷбҪʷͲμԼڹڷмԹ涨ʵУ涨ķʽͬɸΪ
һԭԹ涨ִܷһйϵĹʷ淶;Լе1949־͹ܷ25 涨ʹһ涨ɵɲ֣λڸ֮ϣֱӹϾȨ񡣡
ձ1946ܷҲƵĹ涨
ڶһԵĹ涨ͳܣǶѾе˵Ӧ涨ҹˡάҲ⽻ϵԼҹ̷רŷоŴ⽻ԱĹ涨ҹ̷11涨⽻ȨͻȨ˵Σͨ⽻;ҹˡٻԼҹ񺽵ȲŵйطжӦ涨
3 ҲԮùڷΪй⣬ڷ涨Ӧе
Լ෴ڷΣʷԭĹ涨͹˶Թƻ磬ԼڷԳͻ£ڷĹ涨һβԼùڷ͹˸ùΥԼءԭʵ£ԼͻĹڷڹҵķǷΪùӦڷóеΡֻаߵĹϵֹܷͻڷͻʱԽ
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ڹʹϵ۸ӣڹʽйʷڷijͻڳͻʱͻ̬Ҳͬ򵥽ܼҪҵʵ
1Ӣ
Ӣûгܷʵϰ߹Ӣϰ߷ܣӢһ֡ӢƶʷִʱԺִƶûƷʷ˼
2
Ӣͬһϵгܷȡʷϰ߷֮һֵԭ򡱡ԼܷɾͬȵλͬΪ֮߷ɡͬЧԼɳͻʱԺȡ·ھɷԭ򣬲ʱƶûƷʷ˼
3
ϹʷԽûȷ涨ʷΪһ֡ͨԺһùϰ߷ҷȷ涨ԼбȹڷߵЧ1958꡶ܷ55涨׼ͨԼЭһиڷɵЧ
4ԭ¹
ɹ涨ʷΪ䱾ɲ֣ǰ25֮涨÷100׼¹ܷԺĿ£ܾΥʷķ档
5ǰ
δĹ涨ʷȣҲδʷΪڷɲ֡1977꡶ܷ29涨ʵɹϵĹʷԭ׼Լ޽ĹԼ񡣡ʵУǰǽʷ淶ڱ档ƶִרŹʱֱָܻãִйʷ淶ͬʱùʷڷ淶ùڷ淶ʱǵʷݡ˹ܷڹʷԼԼڹڵЧûĹ涨
ʷҹڵ
ҹܷжڹʷԼڹڵЧûĹ涨ʵУҪҹִеĹʷԭ򡢹ҹƶӦĹֱáҹûй涨Ļвͬ涨ģҹԼйعʹִС1986꡶л񹲺͹ͨ򡷵ڰµ142涨л񹲺͹޽߲μӵĹԼͬл񹲺͹·вͬ涨ģùԼĹ涨л񹲺͹⡣л񹲺͹ɺл񹲺͹޽߲μӵĹԼûй涨ùʹ105涨ձ¹涨ɻ߹ʹģΥл񹲺͹ṫ桱1985䲼ġл񹲺͹⾭úͬԼ1992䲼ġл񹲺͹̷ҲƵĹ涨
ԼҹܷԼڷĹϵδֱӵĹ涨ܷڵ޽Լij涨Լл񹲺͹޽Լ򷨡Ĺ涨˵ԼͷһйͬȵЧԼ͹ڷȽϵЧҹйطɵĹ涨л񹲺͹޽߲μӵĹԼڷвͬ涨ģùԼ涨ȻڸɣҹҹһйϵĹʷԭ׼ϸиݲμӵĹԼӦеĹ