Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
26.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, 27.while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. 28.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: 29.either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these "article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: 30.labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because___
A. its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .
B. its marketing strategy has been successful.
C. its payment for peer review is reduced.
D. its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________
A. thrived mainly on university libraries.
B. gone through an existential crisis.
C. revived the publishing industry.
D. financed researchers generously.
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
A. Relieved.
B. Puzzled.
C. Concerned.
D. Encouraged.
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
A. allow publishers some room to make money.
B. render publishing much easier for scientists.
C. reduce the cost of publication substantially.
D. free universities from financial burdens.
30. Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?
A. Trial subscription is offered.
B. Labour triumphs over status.
C. Costs are well controlled.
D. The few feed on the many.
答案：DACAD
长期以来，科学出版一直是印钞的许可证。科学家需要期刊来发表他们的研究，因此他们会无偿提供文章。其他科学家也免费进行同行评审的专业工作，因为它是获得地位和产生科学知识的核心要素。
由于论文的内容是免费的，出版商只需为其期刊找到一个市场。直到本世纪，大学图书馆对价格还不是很敏感。科学出版商通常报告其运营利润率接近 40%，而此时其他出版业正处于生存危机之中。
荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称发表了世界上 25% 的科学论文，去年利润超过 9 亿英镑，而仅英国大学在 2016 年就花费了超过 2.1 亿英镑，使研究人员能够获得他们自己的公共资助研究；尽管越来越不顾一切地努力改变这些数字，但这两个数字似乎都在不可阻挡地上升。
最极端且最非法的反应是 Sci-Hub 的出现，它是 2012 年成立的一种全球科学论文复印机，现在声称可以访问自 2015 年以来发表的每篇付费文章。 Sci -Hub的成功依赖于研究人员传送他们自己合法访问的副本，这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须对其进行改造，使其适用于所有参与者。
在英国，资助机构推动了开放获取出版的发展。在某些方面，它非常成功。现在，英国一半以上的科学研究都是在开放获取条款下发表的：要么从发表之时起免费提供，要么收费一年或更长时间，以便出版商可以在公开发布之前获利。
然而，新系统并没有为大学带来任何便宜。出版商已通过向作者收取费用以支付准备文章的费用来响应他们向读者免费提供产品的需求。这些范围从大约500英镑到5,000美元。去年的一份报告指出，订阅成本和这些“文章准备成本”一直以高于通胀的速度稳步上升。在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社交互联网的经济：免费提供劳动力以换取地位的希望，而少数经营市场的大公司则赚取巨额利润。在这两种情况下，我们都需要重新平衡权力。
26. 科学出版被视为“印钞许可证”部分原因是___
A. 资金稳步增长。
B. 它的营销策略是成功的。
C. 减少同行评审的费用。
D. 其内容获取成本为零。
27. 根据第 2 段和第 3 段，科学出版商Elsevier有________
A. 主要在大学图书馆蓬勃发展。
B. 经历了生存危机。
C. 重振出版业。
D. 慷慨资助研究人员。
28. 作者如何看待 Sci-Hub 的成功？
A、松了口气。
B、困惑。
C. 关心。
D. 鼓励。
29. 从第 5 段和第 6 段可知，开放获取条款________
A.让出版商有一些赚钱的空间。
B. 使科学家更容易发表文章。
C. 大幅降低出版成本。
D. 使大学免于经济负担。
30. 科学出版模式具有以下哪些特征？
A. 提供试用订阅。
B. 工党战胜了地位。
C. 成本得到很好的控制。
D. 少数人以多数人为食。
以上是阅读题各个问题的答案所对应的句子及全文翻译，祝各位考生都能考上心仪的学校
15年教学经验
14年教学经验
14年教学经验
10年教学经验
15年教学经验
10年教学经验
