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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2004-2006)

  Passage 3
  Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大�烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling� study published by Consumers International Friday.
  Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容�的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly� a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting� and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier�
  The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
  “ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,� said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
  The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
  The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.
  Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
  “Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,� said report researcher Philip Page.
  “Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.� he said.
  The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly� and “non-polluting� cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.� said Page.
  31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________.
  A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards
  B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving
  C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim
  D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly(B)
  32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________.
  A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
  B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
  C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
  D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment(D)
  33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________.
  A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
  B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
  C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards
  D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization(C)
  34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?
  A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.
  B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.
  C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.
  D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.(B)
  35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ________.
  A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements
  B) see all household products meet environmental standards
  C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products
  D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products(A)
  这篇�料讲的是欧美国家日常用�上环�说明�到滥用的现象。文章段�分精炼地交代了全篇所述的主�内容:消费者正�到环�说明的困扰和误导(Consumers are being confused and misled by……environmental claims);�时�露出这一内容的�布��。余下的几段对首段的说法进行详细了�述。这�金字塔结构属于英美报刊文章的典型特点。
  第二段举出了几个实例说明环�说明�到滥用的情形,使人对文章所述核心内容有一个感性的认识。一个例�是�德国肥料�称具有“蚯蚓�好性�(a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly�),还有��牌�粉也自称“�会引起污染�(non-polluting),而一�英国�生纸也自诩“环境�好性�(environmentally friendlier)。
  第三段指出进行这一研究的��:Britain’s National Consumer Council,这是为了体现研究的��性。而��说明了该研究机构的资助机构:German and Dutch governments and the European Commission,�德国��兰政府和欧盟执行委员会,这是为了说明该项研究的中立性,强调其�信度。
  第四段引用研究人员的�,对其研究对象�出了总体评价:在告知顾客如何判断商�对环境的影�上,还有很长的路�走(there is a long way to go in……)。之�的几段�述了研究的细节。
  第五段说明该研究的覆盖范围(10-country)以��步结论:德英两国的产�滥用环�说明的现象平�多。第六段说明实际研究的主�商�类别(洗涤剂��虫剂和园艺用�),并指出研究的方�是��测试,而�是将其与ISO的商标说明进行比照(did not test the claims, but compared them to……)。下一段给出了比照结果:环�说明太过模糊�误导性过强,达�到ISO标准�求(too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards)。
  ��的两段分�了这些环�说明的实质,第八��段引用研究员的�指出许多环�说明空无一物(these symbols mean nothing),而环�说明的��也使消费者无法判断其真伪(very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading)。
  �一段借Page之��出了该项研究的目的:促使跨国公�达到ISO�求(have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO)。
  31. B
  题目问NCC�现下列哪一项是无法容�的。
  A,进行调查的所有产�都声称符�ISO标准。
  B,产�说明往往�糊其辞或欺骗消费者。
  C,消费者会把许多厂商的说明信以为真。
  D,很少有产�被实际�明其确实具有环境�好性。
  题目中出现了关键信�NCC(机构�),�时outrageous也是一个较为特别的�,�以在开头几�段中寻找这两个�。
  Outrageous在第二段就出现了:Among the report’s more outrageous findings。这个����例举了outrageous的三�情形,德国肥料自称具有蚯蚓�好性,一个�粉�牌自称无污染,一�英国�生纸自称具有更好的环境�好性。
  第三段��出现了NCC,但仅仅是指明了上述的调查是由NCC实施的。由此便知�了第二段所述的几点无法容�的现象正是题目所�求的NCC认为无法容�的现象。
  问题集中在文中例�的三个例�到底在哪里令人无法容�。�以先对�选项进行筛选。�三段中没有�到有关ISO标准的任何信�,所以,根�四级出题规律,基本�以排除A。D�到了环境�好性,但文章�三段没有指明这些声明到底有没有得到验�,所以也�以排除。第六段里有一��:It did not test the claims,�以作为D�正确的��。
  B和C都有一定��。其实仅从三个例�还�能判断出它们在哪里令人��容�。�过段给了我们��的�示。段开头所说Consumers are being confused and misled by具有总领�的性质,这���好概括出了三个例�的本质问题:一是令消费者困惑(confused),一是误导消费者(misled)。这两点和B所说的unclear和deceiving�好一一对应。C的说法勉强�以算是misled的照应,但仅照应这一点�如B更加准确。
  32. D
  题目问�对如此之多自我肯定的说明,消费者如何如何。
  A,消费者对�将�购买的产�更加谨慎了。
  B,消费者�然�愿�多花钱购买有绿色标志的产�。
  C,消费者更加清楚��产�对环境的��影�。
  D,消费者�然�清楚��产�对环境的确切影�。
  这�题考查的是对第四段引�内的长�的�解。
  这段�从总体结构上�以分为两个部分,由while引导的从�为一部分:While many good and useful claims are being made,这里出现的good claims�好照应题目中的good claims,�以�明本题确实考查的是这一��。第二部分是主�:it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy;分�主�的结构,it is clear……为层结构,��是“显而易�的是�;there is a long way to go in ensuring为第二层结构,��是“在��……上还有很长一段路�走�;其余部分为第三层结构,是“���的内容,大�为“顾客对所购买的商�的环境影�有了充足的认识�。主��层结构串�下�的核心��就是:顾客对所购买的商�的环境影�并没有充足的认识。对比四个选项,D的说法与此一致。
  33. C
  题目问NCC所开展的研究的目的是什么。
  A,调查有多少产�说明没有符�环境标准。
  B,告知消费者其所购商�的环境影�。
  C,检查产�说明是�符�ISO标准。
  D,修订由ISO设定的准则。
  因为上一题已�考查了第四段,所以本题的答案�以在第五段和以�的段�去寻找。
  第五段有两��,分别讲的是研究的范围(10个国家)和研究�现(德国和英国的环境说明多),这两点都�是研究目的。
  继续看第六段。这一段也有两��,�指出研究报告的焦点集中在哪些类别的产�说明上(specific products),第二�讲到报告没有验�这些说明的真实性(did not test the claims)——这就�定了A——而是把这些说明和ISO�布的指�进行对比。这应该就是该项研究的目的所在。
  把�产�的环境说明和ISO指�进行对比,也就是看说明是�符�ISO标准,�以确定C是正确的。如果对C还没有�足的信心,�以继续看第七段:many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards,相对于ISO标准�说,许多产�说明太过模糊,或有误导之嫌。这��的��就是许多说明�符�ISO标准,由此�以断定该研究的目的�是C所述的内容。
  B的说法属于产�环境说明本身的作用,D中出现了guidelines,是考查对第六段�一��的�解,但与guidelines进行对比的目的显然�是为了修改,而是查看是�相符。对此,第七段有�清楚的�述:many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards,相对于ISO标准�说,许多产�说明太过模糊,或有误导之嫌。
  34. B
  题目问家用产�的许多说明引�的�果之一是什么。
  A,这些说明�能会导致严�的环境问题。
  B,消费者很难从中分辨真�。
  C,这些说明会在消费者中激起公愤。
  D,消费者会被诱使购买本�需�的产�。
  题目里的关键�是household products,倒数第二段出现了household这个�,需��点�解本段。这一段先是举了三个例�,指出环�说明多的三�产�。这三�产�分别是洗涤剂�清�剂和漆,都属于题目所说的household products。此�的一�是对这三个例�的评价:The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading,大�是环�说明如此之多,以至消费者很难去伪存真。这��的��和B的表述一致,�以选择B。
  35. A
  本题问从文章�以推论出游说组织“消费者国际�想�……
  A,使产�标签满足ISO的�求。
  B,看到所有的家庭用�满足环��求。
  C,警告消费者所谓绿色产�所存在的�险。
  D,检验无污染产�的效果。
  Consumer International一�出现在文章��部分,所以,本题�为�一题有�能会考查全文内容。�过,观察四个选项,基本都与�一段内容相关,所以�以断定本题涉�范围仅��一段。其实本题与33题��,都是问目的。33题问的是研究目的(答案是检查产�说明是�符�ISO标准),本题问的是�起此研究的组织的目的,那自然与33题的答案一脉相承,检查的目的自然是为了使其终符��求。A的说法是正确的。
  �一段中,terms such as “environmentally friendly� and “non-polluting� cannot be verified这一�说明环境�好性�无污染等等环�说明是无法得到验�的。既然如此,游说组织�起此项研究的目的肯定�是为了所有的家庭用�满足环��求,也�是检验无污染产�的效果,�以排除B和D。至于C,文章论述的是环�说明本身�符��求的问题,�涉�标签文字,而与产�本身无关,所以C所说的绿色产�的�险属于无中生有。

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