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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2004-2006)

  Passage One
  Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
  Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to the finding.
  Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
  His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (�直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.
  But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.
  People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱�而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?�
  Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.
  注�:此部分试题请在答题�2上作答。
  57. Hancock’s study focuses on ________.
  A) the consequences of lying in various communications media
  B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
  C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
  D) people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media(D)
  58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.
  A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
  B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
  C) people are most likely to lie in email communication
  D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations(A)
  59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?
  A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
  B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.
  C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
  D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.(A)
  60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because ________.
  A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers
  B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
  C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
  D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively(B)
  61. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
  A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
  B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
  C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
  D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company(C)
  这是一篇讲述交�途径与说谎频度的关系的文章。全文共6�段。段一共三��,这三��对全文内容进行了精炼的介�。�两�指明有关研究(honesty across a range of communication media,交�媒介��,诚实程度也��)的�果:电�交�的说谎频度是电�邮件交�的二�。�一�指出了原因:电�邮件�被自动记录,并�以回查。文章��的5段�是对有关研究的具体情形和现象背�的原因的详述。
  第二段介�了有关研究的详情:研究者(Jeff Hancock),实验内容(30 students to keep a communications diary for a week),和实验结果(��媒介的说谎率为14%——37%)。
  第三段指出这个结果�分出人�料(surprised psychologists),为下文进一步说明出现这�结果的原因�好了铺垫。
  ��的第四�五段说明了原因,一个是对���被记录和�查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread),一个是对�是�为实时交�(whether it occurs in real time)。
  �一段指出这一研究�果的用途(elp companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate)。
  这�在开头先将核心内容和盘托出���进行详述的写法是典型的金字塔�写法,在欧美报纸上惯常出现,原因是人们�览报纸的时间有�,一篇报�必须在开头就将文章大��读者说明,�则行文拖沓,很�能会被读者抛之一�。
  57. D
  题目问Hancock的研究集中于什么。文章段里讲到有项研究致力于比较��交�媒介下人们的诚实度问题(The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media),之�的第二段具体说明了这项研究的细节,该研究的�起人�Jeff Hancock。这样的�,Hancock的研究内容就是to compare honesty across a range of communication media。
  A,在��交�媒介中说谎的�果。Consequences是�果的��,暗�的��是在�个媒介中说谎会得到��的惩罚。而文中研究的是指结果,相应的英文��是results,这是区别所在。
  B,交�技术在传达�想上的�功。文章没有讨论交�技术的�功问题。
  C,人们更少地在�时信�中说谎。这�是研究的结果之一。
  D,在��交�媒介下人们的诚实度。符�上�的分�。
  58. A
  题目问Hancock的研究�现使一些人感到�惊,那些人认为……
  该研究�现使心�学家们感到�惊的�述出现在第三段:His results……have surprised psychologists。在这��之�,作者用Some expected……others expected的���述了这些人原�的两�看法,一是emailers to be the biggest liars,在电�邮件中说谎多,二是lie more in face-to-face exchanges,�对�交�中说谎更多。
  A,人们在�时信�中说谎更少。文中给出的两�人的看法一�是电�邮件中说谎多,�一�认为�对�交�说谎多,无论这二者中哪一看法都把�时信�看�说谎相对较少的交�媒介,因此A是对的。
  B,人们�太�能在�对�交�中说谎。lie more in face-to-face exchanges这��已�指出,心�学家们认为�对�交�更有�能性,因此B的说法�对。
  C,人们�能在电�邮件中说谎。与emailers to be the biggest liars的��一致,但这�是some的看法,还有others的看法是lie more in face-to-face exchanges,而题目问的是those认为什么,这里的those应该是指some和others都包括在内的心�学家。因此C 的说法是片�的。
  D,人们有二�的的�能性在电�中说谎。这是段中所述的Hancock的研究结果之一,而�是心�学家们原�的看法。
  59. A
  题目问根�文�,为什么人们通过�些交�媒介会更�能说真�。
  文章分�研究结果的原因是在第四和第五段,两段分别指出两�原因,一个是对���被记录和�查(whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread),所说的�被记录的�,人们担心自己的谎�以�会�为把柄,因此更愿�讲真�;一个是对�是�为实时交�(whether it occurs in real time),在实时交�时没有过多�考的时间,一些谎�就脱�而出了(many lies are spontaneous)。
  A,他们担心留下谎�的记录。
  B,他们认为诚实是的策略。
  C,他们在使用这类媒介时容易放�。
  D,他们在使用这类媒介时为�练。
  A符�上�的分�,B和C在文中从�没有�过,D的说法出现在第三段:Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication,��是�一些人认为�对�交�中撒谎更多是因为人们使用这�媒介为熟练。首先这�看法是那些心�学家的看法,其本身是错误的。其次这��讲的是说谎的原因,而题目问的则是说真�的原因。
  60. B
  题目问�Hancock的看法,在�销售推广时,电�应是一�更���的媒介,原因是什么。
  在文章�一段,Hancock�出他的研究�果�以应用于公�员工的交�(help companies work our the best ways for their employees to communicate),而�具体举了两个例�,个例�说的就是�销售时使用电�,原因是employees are encouraged to stretch the truth。Be encouraged to do是“更敢于��事�的��。更敢于�的事是stretch the truth,stretch是伸展�拉长,truth是真相�真实情况,那么把真实情况拉长�扩展就是夸大其实的��。所以原因应该就是销售员使用电�进行销售时更有勇气言过其实,过于夸大自己产�的好处。
  A,销售员能够与客户直接对�。
  B,销售员�感觉更敢于夸大其�。
  C,销售员能够给客户一个值得信赖的�象。
  D,销售员更能有效的传递�时信�。
  �以看出B的说法符�文�。
  61. C
  题目问从文章中�以推�出什么。这�题需�结�答案一项项排除。
  A,在人际交�中应该鼓励诚实。从全文�看,文章论述的是��媒介与诚实度的关系,而对是�应该诚实这��德判断问题,作者没有涉�。从�一段�看,作者鼓励在销售时使用电�以便更能夸大其�,由此�以看出作者是�看中诚实与�的问题的。
  B, 更多雇主会使用电�邮件与员工交�。�一段Hancock举的第二个例�是鼓励人们使用电�邮件的:work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email。��是在�工作评估时采用电�邮件。但这一建议�是�求雇主们使用电�邮件,而是�求雇员们使用。原因在于�一段��已�给��的两个例��了�定:Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate,从for their employees to communicate这���以看出,他的建议是针对employees(雇员)的。因此B的说法�对。
  C,应针对��的交�目的,采��适的媒介。文章�举了情况��的两个例�,�个例�适宜使用的媒介也��。这说明在特定情况下,应选用特定的交�媒介,与C的说法一致。
  D,电�邮件目�是公�内主�交�媒介。文中没有�到这一点。

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