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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2004-2006)

  Passage Two
  Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
  In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问�者) listed “to give children a good start academically� as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
  In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性�展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.
  Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.
  16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________.
  A) Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents
  B) Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
  C) Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction
  D) Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs(C)
  17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to ________.
  A) problem solving
  B) group experience
  C) parental guidance
  D) individually-oriented development(B)
  18. In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on ________.
  A) preparing children academically
  B) developing children’s artistic interests
  C) tapping children’s potential
  D) shaping children’s character(D)
  19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________.
  A) broaden children’s horizon
  B) cultivate children’s creativity
  C) lighten children’s study load
  D) enrich children’s knowledge(C)
  20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
  A) They can do better in their future studies.
  B) They can accumulate more group experience there.
  C) They can be individually oriented when they grow up.
  D) They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.(D)
  这是一篇讲述日本学�教育的�料,因为文章是讲给美国人看的,所以附带介�美国的学 �教育以和日本进行对比。�料一共�有三大段,大段指出日本学�教育的侧�点,第二段进一步说明日本学�教育侧�点中对集体主义的�视,第三段则说明 日本学�教育除集体主义外的丰富内容。
  段开头实际上�出了研究日本学�教育的原因:low academic achievement by children in theUnited States,大�是美国的儿童教育�效�明显,这迫使人们把目光投�了教育和�济水平都很高的日本,以期得到答案(for possible answers)。这一探询的结果是出乎美国人�料的,日本学�教育很少强调功课指导(little emphasis is put on academic instruction),这也是本文的主�观点。文章接下�以问�调查为论�对这一观点进行了论�。
  问�调查的结果是日本人更�视�韧�专注和集体主义等素质的培养(but rather skills such as persistence,concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group),第二段继续对集体主义这一项素质�了进一步说明(��其��性):91%的日本人将其列为学�教育的三大目标之一(91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providingchildren with a group experience),这项教育甚至会延续到�学教育(continuesinto elementary school education)。
  �一段讨论了除去上述素质教育外,日本学�教育的其他内容和特色。其中包括早期音�训练和潜力�掘(early musical training or potentialdevelopment),附属于大学(这一项属于特色),以�自由玩�(have introduced free play)。
  16. C
  题目问从段�以获知许多美国人认为……
  A,日本父�比美国父�更多地�与学�教育。
  B,日本的�济�功是其科学�就的结果。
  C,日本学�教育强调功课指导。
  D,日本更高级的教育比美国的更加优越。
  段的内容很长,几乎�全篇文章的二分之一,所以,题目虽说让我们从段进行推�,实际上考查的�能是段开头部分的内容,而��能是全段内容。
  题目的关键信�是“美国人认为�,也就需�在段开头部分寻找和美国人的观点有关的内容。
  首先,��中就出现了many Americans,和题目照应。这一��的��是美国人因为自身的学�教育�效�大而把目光投�日本,原因就是看到了日本的教育�就和�济�功。这里的教育�就和�济�功是并列关系,并�存在因果关系,所以�以判断B的说法是错误的。
  第二��很简短,��是美国人�现日本的学�教育和他们预想的�一样。第三�则解释了日本学�教育的特点:日本学�教育很少强调功课指导。这一特点是美国人没有预料到的,那么美国人此�的观点就应该是日本人比较强调功课指导。C的说法与此相符。
  第四�以�的内容是进一步详述日本学�教育的这一特点,�以判断题考查的内容应该截止到第三��。在这三��中,没有�到A的说法,�以排除A。D所说的higher education应该是指比学�教育更高级的教育,但从文章开头�看出,美国人教育�就较低的是儿童教育(low academic achievement by children),而�更高级的教育。
  17. B
  题目问多数�调查的美国人认为幼儿园(学��)也应当�视什么。
  A,解决问题能力的培养
  B,团队�验
  C,父�指导
  D,强调个性�展
  A的说法在文中找�到,��文章没有论述过problem solving,�以排除A。B和D在第二段第二��中�以找到相应内容。其中与B相关的论述是:�访的62%的美国人把团队�验列为学�教育的三大目标之一。62%是一个较大的比例,�以看�是MostAmericans surveyed,因此�以把B选作正确答案。与D有关的�组individually oriented是Americans的修饰语,表明相对于强调集体主义的日本人�说,美国人更加�视个性�展(但�便是这样,�然有62%的�访美国人选择了团队�验)。所以,individually oriented并�是美国人对学�教育的观点。
  C所说的父�指导在段�一�有所��,那一�的��是日本孩�的阅读能力的培养是在家庭中由父��完�的。这与本题无关。
  18. D
  题目问日本的学�教育的焦点在于什么。
  A,功课教育准备
  B,培养孩�的艺术兴趣
  C,开�孩�的潜能
  D,塑造孩�的性格
  A所说的功课教育是这篇�料首先�定的内容(little emphasis is put on academic instruction,功课指导所��视甚少),所以�以立�排除。B所谈的艺术兴趣和C所谈的潜能在第三段开头有所��,Some Japanese kindergartens have specificaims, such as early musical training or potential development,这里的musical training应该属于艺术范畴,而potentialdevelopment和C的说法直接��。�过,��的个��some表明这�现象�存在与�些幼儿园,属个别行为,而题目问的是focus,属普�现象。从逻辑角度讲,B和C如果�一个符�题�,那么�外一个必然也符�题�,这就会出现两个正确答案,而这是��能的。故此�以排除B和C。
  段��部分有一���出了日本学�教育的�心所在:but rather skills such as persistence,concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group,诸如�韧�专注�团队�识等能力应该属于D所说的性格范畴。本题应该选择D。
  19. C
  题目问�些日本幼儿园引入了自由玩�,目的是什么。
  A,开拓孩�的视野。
  B,培养孩�的创造力。
  C,�轻孩�的学习负担。
  D,丰富孩�的知识。
  题目里给出了关键�free play,需�在文章��部分寻找这个�组。
  它出现在了�料�一�中:Several more progressive programs have introduced freeplay as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanesekindergartens,�以看到introduced free play as a way out for这个�组和题目基本一致,那么for���为引入free play的目的。Theheavy intellectualizing中的核心�intellectualizing�为知识化,实际就是文化教育。修饰�heavy表���是“沉�的�,用�修饰“文化教育�时,�以很容易地�想到“课业沉��一�,这也是这个短语的本���。玩�作为课业沉�的一�“解决方案�,其作用自然就是�轻孩�的学习负担。本题应该选择C。
  20. D
  题目问为什么有些日本父�把孩��到大学附属的幼儿园。
  A,孩�们�以在未�的学习中�得更好。
  B,在这样的幼儿园里孩�们�以积累更多的团体�验。
  C,长大��以获得个性�展。
  D,更有机会获得一�教育。
  �以判断题目里的关键信�是university-based,这个�出现在了�一段中:Some Japanese parents believe that if theiryoung children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’schances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities,��是有些父�认为,如果把孩��入大学附属的幼儿园,将会增加孩�们终进入学校和大学的机会。
  B和C�到的个性�展和团体�验都是�两段的内容,��几�题已�考查过,本题显然和这二者无关。A和D都�到了学习,D中的gettinga first-rate education直接与�一段being admitted to top-ratedschools and universities��一致,应为正确答案。A虽然也�到未�教育,但do better in their future studies仅指明学习本身更好(通常指�绩好),过于空泛,�如D所述明确,�以排除。

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