历年英è¯å››çº§é˜…读真题全解æž�(2004-2006)
- 第1页:2004.6-Passage Two
- 第2页:2004.6-Passage Three
- 第3页:2004.6-PassageFour
- 第4页:2005.1-Passage One
- 第5页:2005.1-Passage Two
- 第6页:2005.1-Passage Three
- 第7页:2005.1-Passage Four
- 第8页:2005.6-Passage 1
  Passage Three
  Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
  Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.
  A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北�的) snow were declining.
  In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
  In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
  Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.
  The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
  Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生�系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.
  21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________.
  A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
  B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
  C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
  D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow(D)
  22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.
  A) was discouraged
  B) was enforced by law
  C) was prohibited by law
  D) was introduced(B)
  23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
  A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.
  B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
  C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.
  D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.(D)
  24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________.
  A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
  B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
  C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
  D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions(A)
  25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________.
  A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
  B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
  C) still consider lead pollution a problem
  D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution(C)
ã€€ã€€è¿™æ˜¯ä¸€ç¯‡å…¸åž‹æŠ¥åˆŠå†™æ³•çš„æ–‡ç« ï¼Œæ–‡ç« å¼€å¤´é¦–å…ˆç‚¹å‡ºå…¨ç¯‡è®ºè¿°çš„ä¸»é¢˜ï¼ŒæŠŠæ ¸å¿ƒæ€�想和关键信æ�¯å’Œç›˜æ‰˜å‡ºã€‚段æ��供的信æ�¯ä¸»è¦�有两点,一是å…七å��年代的铅沉积的主è¦�æº�头是美国(primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissionsoriginating in the United Statesï¼‰ï¼ŒäºŒæ˜¯æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹åœ¨ç¾Žå›½æŽ¨å¹¿å�Žï¼Œå…¨ç�ƒèŒƒå›´å†…的铅沉积å‡�少幅度很大(the lead accumulation worldwide has decreasedsignificantly)。以å�Žæ®µè�½çš„内容全部围绕这两个信æ�¯ç‚¹å±•开说明。
  第二段是对段所æ��供的两点信æ�¯è¿›è¡Œå…·ä½“地解释,其ä¸åŒ…括信æ�¯æ�¥æº�(个信æ�¯æº�于《自然》æ�‚å¿—ï¼‰ï¼Œç ”ç©¶æœºæž„ï¼ˆNational Center for Scientific Research in Franceï¼‰ï¼Œç ”ç©¶è€…ï¼ˆDr. Charles Boutron),以å�Šä¿¡æ�¯ç»†èŠ‚ï¼ˆç ”ç©¶å¯¹è±¡æ˜¯æ ¼é™µå…°çš„é›ªï¼‰ï¼›ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªä¿¡æ�¯æº�于Boutron于1991å¹´å�‘表的å�¦ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æˆ�果。
  第三段是对个信æ�¯çš„è¯´æ˜Žï¼ŒæŒ‡å‡ºä¹‹æ‰€ä»¥æŠŠæ ¼é™µå…°çš„é›ªä¸æ²‰ç§¯çš„é“…å½’å› äºŽç¾Žå›½çš„å�«é“…æ±½æ²¹ï¼Œæ˜¯å› ä¸ºç¾Žå›½ä¸Žå…¶ä»–åœ°åŒºæ‰€ä½¿ç”¨çš„æ±½æ²¹æˆ�分比率ä¸�å�Œï¼Œè¿™é‡Œçš„雪ä¸é“…的比率大部分符å�ˆç¾Žå›½æ±½æ²¹ç‰¹ç‚¹ã€‚
  接下æ�¥çš„三个段è�½æ˜¯å¯¹ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªä¿¡æ�¯çš„说明。首先是信æ�¯æ�¥æº�(《Ambio》æ�‚志)和信æ�¯å†…容(lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States haddecreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasolineï¼‰ï¼Œå…¶æ¬¡æ˜¯ç ”ç©¶ç»“æžœå�‘表之å‰�许多科å¦å®¶ä»¬çš„设想(Many scientists had believed that……),å�Žæ˜¯ç ”究主è¦�过程(examinedsamples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forestfloors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania)。
  å�Žä¸€æ®µæ€»ç»“äº†è¿™ä¸¤é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æˆ�果的现实æ„�义,指出其ä¸�应æˆ�为对污染ä¸�åŠ æŽ§åˆ¶çš„ç�†ç”±ï¼ˆshould not be used as a license to pollute)。
  21. D
  题目问《Nature》æ�‚志上å�‘è¡¨çš„ç ”ç©¶æ˜¾ç¤ºâ€¦â€¦
  A,Clean Air Act法案没有产生预期的效果。
  B,北æž�雪铅沉积在æŒ�ç»å¢žåŠ ã€‚
  C,铅在雪和土壤ä¸çš„å�œç•™æ—¶é—´ä¼šæ¯”预想的时间长。
  D,北�雪铅污染的元凶是美国。
  题目里的关键信æ�¯æ˜¯natureæ�‚志,在第二段æ��到了这家æ�‚志:Astudy published recently in the journal Nature shows that……这å�¥è¯�å�¯ä»¥è¯´å’Œé¢˜ç›®å‡ ä¹Žä¸€æ ·ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆè¯¥å�¥thatå�Žé�¢çš„宾è¯ä»Žå�¥ä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯æœ¬é¢˜çš„ç”æ¡ˆæ‰€åœ¨ã€‚
  Air-borneleaded gas emissions from the United Stateswere the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland.
  主è¯çš„æ ¸å¿ƒæ˜¯gas emissions,也就是铅的散æ’。Air-borneleadedï¼Œè¡¨æ˜Žé“…æ˜¯é€šè¿‡ç©ºæ°”ä¼ æ’的。From the United States说明铅散æ’çš„æ�¥æº�ï¼šç¾Žå›½ã€‚æ ¸å¿ƒè°“è¯æ˜¯Were the leading contributor,表明“是主è¦�贡献者â€�。To the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenlandè¡¨æ˜Žè´¡çŒ®çš„å¯¹è±¡ä¸ºâ€œæ ¼é™µå…°é›ªé“…çš„é«˜åº¦é›†ä¸â€�。å�ˆèµ·æ�¥çš„æ„�æ€�就是æº�å¤´åœ¨ç¾Žå›½çš„é“…æ•£æ’æ˜¯æ ¼é™µå…°é›ªé“…高度集ä¸çš„ä¸»å› ã€‚
  四个选项ä¸D的说法与æ¤å®Œå…¨ä¸€è‡´ï¼Œå�¯ä»¥æ”¾å¿ƒé€‰D。
  22. D
ã€€ã€€é¢˜ç›®é—®æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„ä½¿ç”¨åœ¨ç¾Žå›½è¢«â€¦â€¦å�Žï¼Œä¸–界范围内的铅沉积显著å‡�少。
  A,被妨�之�。
  B,在法律强行施行之�。
  C,被法律ç¦�æ¢ä»¥å�Žã€‚
  D,被引进以�。
  题目里的关键信æ�¯æ˜¯æ— 铅汽油,需è¦�在文ä¸å¯»æ‰¾ä¸Žæ— 铅汽油以å�Šé“…沉积下é™�有关的内容。å�¯ä»¥å�‘现å‰�ä¸‰å¤§æ®µéƒ½æ²¡æœ‰å‡ºçŽ°æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„å†…å®¹ï¼Œç›´åˆ°ç¬¬å››æ®µæ‰�次有了unleaded这个è¯�。å�¥å�为:scientistsfound that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreasedmarkedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline,大æ„�是美国东北部土壤ä¸çš„é“…å�«é‡�æ°´å¹³åœ¨æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å¼•è¿›å�Žæ˜¾è‘—下é™�。这å�¥è¯�里的markedly和题目ä¸çš„significantly属于å�Œä¹‰è¯�,decreased在原文和题目ä¸éƒ½æœ‰ï¼Œå�Œæ—¶é€‰é¡¹Dä¸çš„introduced和原文ä¸çš„introduction相照应,å�¯ä»¥åˆ¤æ–本题选D。
  23. D
  题目问科å¦å®¶ä»¬å¦‚何å�‘çŽ°æ ¼é™µå…°å²›çš„é“…æ±¡æŸ“æº�。
  A,通过分æž�å�‘表在Natureå’ŒAmbioç‰æ�‚志上的数æ�®ã€‚
  B,通过观察北���地区的铅沉积�。
  Cï¼Œé€šè¿‡ç ”ç©¶ç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—éƒ¨çš„åœŸå£¤å’Œç§¯é›ªä¸çš„化å¦å…ƒç´ 。
  D,通过对比ä¸�å�Œå›½å®¶å�«é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„åŒ–å¦æˆ�分。
ã€€ã€€å…³äºŽæ ¼é™µå…°å²›çš„é“…æ±¡æŸ“æº�问题是第三段论述的内容。第三段一共两å�¥è¯�,å�¥æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªé•¿å�¥ï¼ŒDr. Boutron found the ratios of thedifferent forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States weredifferent from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thusenabled scientists todifferentiatethe lead sources,这一å�¥è¯�的结构是由and连接的递进关系的两个主谓结构。个主谓结构的内容是一ä½�å�šå£«çš„å�‘现:在美国使用的汽油ä¸çš„ä¸�å�Œé“…的比率和其他地方的ä¸�å�Œï¼›ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªä¸»è°“结构是这一å�‘现的所带æ�¥çš„æˆ�果:å�¯ä»¥ä½¿ç§‘å¦å®¶ä»¬åŒºåˆ†é“…çš„æ�¥æº�。
  第二å�¥å�™è¿°çš„æ˜¯å�¥æ‰€è¡¨è¾¾å†…容所产生的结果:The dominant lead ratio found in Greenlandsnow matched that found in gasoline from the United States,科å¦å®¶ä»¬å�‘çŽ°åœ¨æ ¼é™µå…°ç§¯é›ªä¸çš„铅比率与美国汽油ä¸çš„一致。由æ¤å°±å�¯ä»¥æŽ¨æ–ï¼Œæ ¼é™µå…°å²›çš„é“…æ±¡æŸ“æº�是美国。这一推ç�†è¿‡ç¨‹å��分清晰,起决定作用的是铅比率的å�‘现。
ã€€ã€€å…³äºŽï¼¡ï¼Œé˜…è¯»æ–‡ç« å�¯çŸ¥ï¼Œå�‘表在æ�‚志上的报告本身æ�示了铅的污染æº�,而ä¸�æ˜¯é€šè¿‡ç ”ç©¶æŠ¥å‘Šç„¶å�޿ލæ–出污染æº�。所以A的说法错误。
  B的说法是第二段å�Žä¸€å�¥çš„内容:lead levels inarctic snow weredeclining,这是å�šå£«æ—©å‰�ç ”ç©¶çš„æˆ�果,æ„�æ€�是北æž�地区的å�«é“…水平在下é™�。这和铅污染æº�没有关系。
  C 的说法和第四段的内容有关,这一段的大æ„�æ˜¯åœ¨æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å¼•å…¥ä»¥å�Žï¼Œç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—部土壤ä¸çš„é“…å�«é‡�显著下é™�。如æ¤è¯´æ�¥ï¼Œçš„ç¡®æ˜¯å¯¹ç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—éƒ¨çš„åœŸå£¤å†…çš„åŒ–å¦æˆ�分进行 è¿‡ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œä½†æ²¡æœ‰æ��åˆ°ä¹Ÿå¯¹ç§¯é›ªè¿›è¡Œäº†ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼£çš„说法ä¸�能算æ£ç¡®ã€‚å�¦å¤–,铅污染æº�ç ”ç©¶çš„æ ¸å¿ƒåœ¨äºŽé“…æ¯”çŽ‡çš„å�‘现,土壤铅å�«é‡�的下é™�å�ªæ˜¯é“…污染æº�ç�†è®ºçš„一个å�� é�¢è¯�明而已。
  D的说法æ�°å¥½æ˜¯æ–‡ç« 第三段所说明的内容,是æ£ç¡®çš„。
  24. A
ã€€ã€€é¢˜ç›®é—®è¯¥é¡¹ç ”ç©¶çš„ä½œè€…å�‘现了什么。
  A,森林消解污染的速度快于预计。
  B,森林里的铅沉积更�易处�。
  C,铅沉积普é��分布在美国的森林之ä¸ã€‚
  D,森林地区的上层土壤易�铅排放的污染。
  题目ä¸çš„关键信æ�¯æ˜¾ç„¶æ˜¯Ambio study,å�¯ä»¥å�‘现四五å…这三段æ��述的是有关Ambio study的内容。第四段介ç»�了study的内容,lead levels in soil in theNortheastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction ofunleaded gasoline,这å�¥è¯�比较容易ç�†è§£ï¼Œå¤§æ„�æ˜¯å¼•å…¥æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å�Žï¼Œç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—部土壤ä¸çš„é“…å�«é‡�显著下é™�。四个选项都和森林有关,而这å�¥è¯�没有æ��åˆ°æ£®æž—ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥ç”æ¡ˆå’Œæ¤å�¥å…³ç³»ä¸�大。
  第五段的æ„�æ€�是科å¦å®¶ä»¬ä»¥ä¸ºé“…会在土壤和积雪ä¸å�œç•™æ›´é•¿çš„æ—¶é—´ã€‚需è¦�注æ„�的是助动è¯�had,它表示“曾ç»�相信â€�,宾è¯ä»Žå�¥æ˜¯ç§‘å¦å®¶åœ¨è¯¥ç ”究完æˆ�之å‰�的想法,而ä¸�æ˜¯è¯¥é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æ‰€å¾—å‡ºçš„ç»“è®ºã€‚å�¯ä»¥çœ‹åˆ°è¿™ä¸€å�¥ä¹Ÿå’Œå››ä¸ªé€‰é¡¹æ— 关。
ã€€ã€€ç¬¬å…æ®µä¸€å…±ä¸¤å�¥è¯�,å�¥é™ˆè¿°äº†ä¸€ä¸ªäº‹å®žï¼Œå�³è¯¥é¡¹ç ”究的作者们检查了ä¸�å�Œæ—¶æœŸç¾Žå›½å‡ 个州的森林土壤。第二å�¥æ˜¯ç ”究的结论:The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead fasterthan the scientists had expected,森林环境处ç�†å’Œæ¶ˆè§£é“…沉积的速度比科å¦å®¶ä»¬é¢„计的è¦�快。这å�¥è¯�å’ŒA的说法æ£å¥½å¥‘å�ˆï¼Œæœ¬é¢˜é€‰æ‹©A。
  B也是考查对第二å�¥çš„ç�†è§£ï¼Œä¸�过æ£å¥½å’Œå�¥æ„�相å��。Cå’ŒD都与å�¥æœ‰å…³ï¼Œä½†å�¥æ˜¯ç ”究的内容,而ä¸�æ˜¯ç ”ç©¶çš„ç»“æžœï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥Cå’ŒD都ä¸�对。
  25. C
  题目问从å�Žä¸€æ®µå�¯ä»¥æŽ¨æ–出,科å¦å®¶ä»¬â€¦â€¦
  A,科å¦å®¶ä»¬å¯¹æ£®æž—污染的æˆ�å› è¿·æƒ‘ä¸�解。
  B,科å¦å®¶ä»¬å› æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å¾—åˆ°ä½¿ç”¨è€Œå¦‚é‡Šé‡�负。
  C,科å¦å®¶ä»¬è®¤ä¸ºé“…污染ä¾�然是一个难题。
  D,科å¦å®¶ä»¬ç¼ºå°‘足够的办法æ�¥åº”付铅污染。
  å�Žä¸€æ®µä»…有一å�¥è¯�,也ä¸�算长,一个å°�段出一é�“题,å�¯è§�这个å°�段å�¯èƒ½ä¼šé€ æˆ�一定的ç�†è§£å›°éš¾ã€‚
  这å�¥è¯�çš„æ ¸å¿ƒéƒ¨åˆ†æ˜¯ä¸¤ä¸ªç”±that引导的宾è¯ä»Žå�¥ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ«æ˜¯certain parts of theecosystem respond rapidly to reductionsin atmospheric pollutionå’Œthese findings should not be used as a license to pollute。å�¥å�¯ä»¥ç›´è¯‘为“生æ€�系统的æŸ�些部分对大气污染的下é™�å��应迅速â€�,这里的大气污染应该是指铅排放,大气污染下é™�çš„åŽŸå› æ˜¯æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚è¿™ä¸€å�¥å�«ä¹‰åº”è¯¥æ˜¯è¯´æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹ä½¿ç”¨å�Žï¼Œå› 环境(如森林)自行排解污染的能力很强,所以å�¯ä»¥è¿…速消除污染。
  第二å�¥ç›´è¯‘为“这些å�‘现ä¸�应作为污染的通行è¯�â€�,这些å�‘现主è¦�是指污染å‡�å°‘å�Žï¼ŒçŽ¯å¢ƒå�¯ä»¥è¿…速排解污染。结å�ˆä¸Šä¸€å�¥çš„å�«ä¹‰ï¼Œå�¯ä»¥åˆ¤æ–è¿™å�¥è¯�的潜å�°è¯�是“ä¸�èƒ½å› ä¸ºçŽ¯å¢ƒå�¯ä»¥è¿…速排解污染就肆æ„�排放污染â€�。
  A和文æ„�ä¸�符,Bæ£å¥½å’Œå�Žä¸€æ®µçš„第二个宾è¯ä»Žå�¥æ„�æ€�相å��。这两个选项å�¯ä»¥æŽ’除。
  Cå’ŒD都以消æž�æ€�度看待铅污染问题,符å�ˆç¬¬äºŒä¸ªå®¾è¯ä»Žå�¥çš„基调。ä¸�过,从文ä¸å�ªèƒ½å¤§è‡´çœ‹å‡ºç§‘å¦å®¶ä»¬å¯¹æ±¡æŸ“问题的忧虑æ€�度,至于是å�¦æœ‰åŠžæ³•åº”ä»˜é“…æ±¡æŸ“ï¼Œä»Žæ–‡ä¸æ— 法å�šå‡ºåˆ¤æ–。所以这é�“题应该选择C。
  Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
  Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.
  A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北�的) snow were declining.
  In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
  In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
  Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.
  The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
  Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生�系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.
  21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________.
  A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
  B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
  C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
  D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow(D)
  22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.
  A) was discouraged
  B) was enforced by law
  C) was prohibited by law
  D) was introduced(B)
  23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
  A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.
  B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
  C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.
  D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.(D)
  24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________.
  A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
  B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
  C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
  D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions(A)
  25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________.
  A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
  B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
  C) still consider lead pollution a problem
  D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution(C)
ã€€ã€€è¿™æ˜¯ä¸€ç¯‡å…¸åž‹æŠ¥åˆŠå†™æ³•çš„æ–‡ç« ï¼Œæ–‡ç« å¼€å¤´é¦–å…ˆç‚¹å‡ºå…¨ç¯‡è®ºè¿°çš„ä¸»é¢˜ï¼ŒæŠŠæ ¸å¿ƒæ€�想和关键信æ�¯å’Œç›˜æ‰˜å‡ºã€‚段æ��供的信æ�¯ä¸»è¦�有两点,一是å…七å��年代的铅沉积的主è¦�æº�头是美国(primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissionsoriginating in the United Statesï¼‰ï¼ŒäºŒæ˜¯æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹åœ¨ç¾Žå›½æŽ¨å¹¿å�Žï¼Œå…¨ç�ƒèŒƒå›´å†…的铅沉积å‡�少幅度很大(the lead accumulation worldwide has decreasedsignificantly)。以å�Žæ®µè�½çš„内容全部围绕这两个信æ�¯ç‚¹å±•开说明。
  第二段是对段所æ��供的两点信æ�¯è¿›è¡Œå…·ä½“地解释,其ä¸åŒ…括信æ�¯æ�¥æº�(个信æ�¯æº�于《自然》æ�‚å¿—ï¼‰ï¼Œç ”ç©¶æœºæž„ï¼ˆNational Center for Scientific Research in Franceï¼‰ï¼Œç ”ç©¶è€…ï¼ˆDr. Charles Boutron),以å�Šä¿¡æ�¯ç»†èŠ‚ï¼ˆç ”ç©¶å¯¹è±¡æ˜¯æ ¼é™µå…°çš„é›ªï¼‰ï¼›ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªä¿¡æ�¯æº�于Boutron于1991å¹´å�‘表的å�¦ä¸€é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æˆ�果。
  第三段是对个信æ�¯çš„è¯´æ˜Žï¼ŒæŒ‡å‡ºä¹‹æ‰€ä»¥æŠŠæ ¼é™µå…°çš„é›ªä¸æ²‰ç§¯çš„é“…å½’å› äºŽç¾Žå›½çš„å�«é“…æ±½æ²¹ï¼Œæ˜¯å› ä¸ºç¾Žå›½ä¸Žå…¶ä»–åœ°åŒºæ‰€ä½¿ç”¨çš„æ±½æ²¹æˆ�分比率ä¸�å�Œï¼Œè¿™é‡Œçš„雪ä¸é“…的比率大部分符å�ˆç¾Žå›½æ±½æ²¹ç‰¹ç‚¹ã€‚
  接下æ�¥çš„三个段è�½æ˜¯å¯¹ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªä¿¡æ�¯çš„说明。首先是信æ�¯æ�¥æº�(《Ambio》æ�‚志)和信æ�¯å†…容(lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States haddecreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasolineï¼‰ï¼Œå…¶æ¬¡æ˜¯ç ”ç©¶ç»“æžœå�‘表之å‰�许多科å¦å®¶ä»¬çš„设想(Many scientists had believed that……),å�Žæ˜¯ç ”究主è¦�过程(examinedsamples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forestfloors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania)。
  å�Žä¸€æ®µæ€»ç»“äº†è¿™ä¸¤é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æˆ�果的现实æ„�义,指出其ä¸�应æˆ�为对污染ä¸�åŠ æŽ§åˆ¶çš„ç�†ç”±ï¼ˆshould not be used as a license to pollute)。
  21. D
  题目问《Nature》æ�‚志上å�‘è¡¨çš„ç ”ç©¶æ˜¾ç¤ºâ€¦â€¦
  A,Clean Air Act法案没有产生预期的效果。
  B,北æž�雪铅沉积在æŒ�ç»å¢žåŠ ã€‚
  C,铅在雪和土壤ä¸çš„å�œç•™æ—¶é—´ä¼šæ¯”预想的时间长。
  D,北�雪铅污染的元凶是美国。
  题目里的关键信æ�¯æ˜¯natureæ�‚志,在第二段æ��到了这家æ�‚志:Astudy published recently in the journal Nature shows that……这å�¥è¯�å�¯ä»¥è¯´å’Œé¢˜ç›®å‡ ä¹Žä¸€æ ·ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆè¯¥å�¥thatå�Žé�¢çš„宾è¯ä»Žå�¥ä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯æœ¬é¢˜çš„ç”æ¡ˆæ‰€åœ¨ã€‚
  Air-borneleaded gas emissions from the United Stateswere the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland.
  主è¯çš„æ ¸å¿ƒæ˜¯gas emissions,也就是铅的散æ’。Air-borneleadedï¼Œè¡¨æ˜Žé“…æ˜¯é€šè¿‡ç©ºæ°”ä¼ æ’的。From the United States说明铅散æ’çš„æ�¥æº�ï¼šç¾Žå›½ã€‚æ ¸å¿ƒè°“è¯æ˜¯Were the leading contributor,表明“是主è¦�贡献者â€�。To the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenlandè¡¨æ˜Žè´¡çŒ®çš„å¯¹è±¡ä¸ºâ€œæ ¼é™µå…°é›ªé“…çš„é«˜åº¦é›†ä¸â€�。å�ˆèµ·æ�¥çš„æ„�æ€�就是æº�å¤´åœ¨ç¾Žå›½çš„é“…æ•£æ’æ˜¯æ ¼é™µå…°é›ªé“…高度集ä¸çš„ä¸»å› ã€‚
  四个选项ä¸D的说法与æ¤å®Œå…¨ä¸€è‡´ï¼Œå�¯ä»¥æ”¾å¿ƒé€‰D。
  22. D
ã€€ã€€é¢˜ç›®é—®æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„ä½¿ç”¨åœ¨ç¾Žå›½è¢«â€¦â€¦å�Žï¼Œä¸–界范围内的铅沉积显著å‡�少。
  A,被妨�之�。
  B,在法律强行施行之�。
  C,被法律ç¦�æ¢ä»¥å�Žã€‚
  D,被引进以�。
  题目里的关键信æ�¯æ˜¯æ— 铅汽油,需è¦�在文ä¸å¯»æ‰¾ä¸Žæ— 铅汽油以å�Šé“…沉积下é™�有关的内容。å�¯ä»¥å�‘现å‰�ä¸‰å¤§æ®µéƒ½æ²¡æœ‰å‡ºçŽ°æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„å†…å®¹ï¼Œç›´åˆ°ç¬¬å››æ®µæ‰�次有了unleaded这个è¯�。å�¥å�为:scientistsfound that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreasedmarkedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline,大æ„�是美国东北部土壤ä¸çš„é“…å�«é‡�æ°´å¹³åœ¨æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å¼•è¿›å�Žæ˜¾è‘—下é™�。这å�¥è¯�里的markedly和题目ä¸çš„significantly属于å�Œä¹‰è¯�,decreased在原文和题目ä¸éƒ½æœ‰ï¼Œå�Œæ—¶é€‰é¡¹Dä¸çš„introduced和原文ä¸çš„introduction相照应,å�¯ä»¥åˆ¤æ–本题选D。
  23. D
  题目问科å¦å®¶ä»¬å¦‚何å�‘çŽ°æ ¼é™µå…°å²›çš„é“…æ±¡æŸ“æº�。
  A,通过分æž�å�‘表在Natureå’ŒAmbioç‰æ�‚志上的数æ�®ã€‚
  B,通过观察北���地区的铅沉积�。
  Cï¼Œé€šè¿‡ç ”ç©¶ç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—éƒ¨çš„åœŸå£¤å’Œç§¯é›ªä¸çš„化å¦å…ƒç´ 。
  D,通过对比ä¸�å�Œå›½å®¶å�«é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„åŒ–å¦æˆ�分。
ã€€ã€€å…³äºŽæ ¼é™µå…°å²›çš„é“…æ±¡æŸ“æº�问题是第三段论述的内容。第三段一共两å�¥è¯�,å�¥æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªé•¿å�¥ï¼ŒDr. Boutron found the ratios of thedifferent forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States weredifferent from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thusenabled scientists todifferentiatethe lead sources,这一å�¥è¯�的结构是由and连接的递进关系的两个主谓结构。个主谓结构的内容是一ä½�å�šå£«çš„å�‘现:在美国使用的汽油ä¸çš„ä¸�å�Œé“…的比率和其他地方的ä¸�å�Œï¼›ç¬¬äºŒä¸ªä¸»è°“结构是这一å�‘现的所带æ�¥çš„æˆ�果:å�¯ä»¥ä½¿ç§‘å¦å®¶ä»¬åŒºåˆ†é“…çš„æ�¥æº�。
  第二å�¥å�™è¿°çš„æ˜¯å�¥æ‰€è¡¨è¾¾å†…容所产生的结果:The dominant lead ratio found in Greenlandsnow matched that found in gasoline from the United States,科å¦å®¶ä»¬å�‘çŽ°åœ¨æ ¼é™µå…°ç§¯é›ªä¸çš„铅比率与美国汽油ä¸çš„一致。由æ¤å°±å�¯ä»¥æŽ¨æ–ï¼Œæ ¼é™µå…°å²›çš„é“…æ±¡æŸ“æº�是美国。这一推ç�†è¿‡ç¨‹å��分清晰,起决定作用的是铅比率的å�‘现。
ã€€ã€€å…³äºŽï¼¡ï¼Œé˜…è¯»æ–‡ç« å�¯çŸ¥ï¼Œå�‘表在æ�‚志上的报告本身æ�示了铅的污染æº�,而ä¸�æ˜¯é€šè¿‡ç ”ç©¶æŠ¥å‘Šç„¶å�޿ލæ–出污染æº�。所以A的说法错误。
  B的说法是第二段å�Žä¸€å�¥çš„内容:lead levels inarctic snow weredeclining,这是å�šå£«æ—©å‰�ç ”ç©¶çš„æˆ�果,æ„�æ€�是北æž�地区的å�«é“…水平在下é™�。这和铅污染æº�没有关系。
  C 的说法和第四段的内容有关,这一段的大æ„�æ˜¯åœ¨æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å¼•å…¥ä»¥å�Žï¼Œç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—部土壤ä¸çš„é“…å�«é‡�显著下é™�。如æ¤è¯´æ�¥ï¼Œçš„ç¡®æ˜¯å¯¹ç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—éƒ¨çš„åœŸå£¤å†…çš„åŒ–å¦æˆ�分进行 è¿‡ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œä½†æ²¡æœ‰æ��åˆ°ä¹Ÿå¯¹ç§¯é›ªè¿›è¡Œäº†ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œå› æ¤ï¼£çš„说法ä¸�能算æ£ç¡®ã€‚å�¦å¤–,铅污染æº�ç ”ç©¶çš„æ ¸å¿ƒåœ¨äºŽé“…æ¯”çŽ‡çš„å�‘现,土壤铅å�«é‡�的下é™�å�ªæ˜¯é“…污染æº�ç�†è®ºçš„一个å�� é�¢è¯�明而已。
  D的说法æ�°å¥½æ˜¯æ–‡ç« 第三段所说明的内容,是æ£ç¡®çš„。
  24. A
ã€€ã€€é¢˜ç›®é—®è¯¥é¡¹ç ”ç©¶çš„ä½œè€…å�‘现了什么。
  A,森林消解污染的速度快于预计。
  B,森林里的铅沉积更�易处�。
  C,铅沉积普é��分布在美国的森林之ä¸ã€‚
  D,森林地区的上层土壤易�铅排放的污染。
  题目ä¸çš„关键信æ�¯æ˜¾ç„¶æ˜¯Ambio study,å�¯ä»¥å�‘现四五å…这三段æ��述的是有关Ambio study的内容。第四段介ç»�了study的内容,lead levels in soil in theNortheastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction ofunleaded gasoline,这å�¥è¯�比较容易ç�†è§£ï¼Œå¤§æ„�æ˜¯å¼•å…¥æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å�Žï¼Œç¾Žå›½ä¸œåŒ—部土壤ä¸çš„é“…å�«é‡�显著下é™�。四个选项都和森林有关,而这å�¥è¯�没有æ��åˆ°æ£®æž—ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥ç”æ¡ˆå’Œæ¤å�¥å…³ç³»ä¸�大。
  第五段的æ„�æ€�是科å¦å®¶ä»¬ä»¥ä¸ºé“…会在土壤和积雪ä¸å�œç•™æ›´é•¿çš„æ—¶é—´ã€‚需è¦�注æ„�的是助动è¯�had,它表示“曾ç»�相信â€�,宾è¯ä»Žå�¥æ˜¯ç§‘å¦å®¶åœ¨è¯¥ç ”究完æˆ�之å‰�的想法,而ä¸�æ˜¯è¯¥é¡¹ç ”ç©¶æ‰€å¾—å‡ºçš„ç»“è®ºã€‚å�¯ä»¥çœ‹åˆ°è¿™ä¸€å�¥ä¹Ÿå’Œå››ä¸ªé€‰é¡¹æ— 关。
ã€€ã€€ç¬¬å…æ®µä¸€å…±ä¸¤å�¥è¯�,å�¥é™ˆè¿°äº†ä¸€ä¸ªäº‹å®žï¼Œå�³è¯¥é¡¹ç ”究的作者们检查了ä¸�å�Œæ—¶æœŸç¾Žå›½å‡ 个州的森林土壤。第二å�¥æ˜¯ç ”究的结论:The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead fasterthan the scientists had expected,森林环境处ç�†å’Œæ¶ˆè§£é“…沉积的速度比科å¦å®¶ä»¬é¢„计的è¦�快。这å�¥è¯�å’ŒA的说法æ£å¥½å¥‘å�ˆï¼Œæœ¬é¢˜é€‰æ‹©A。
  B也是考查对第二å�¥çš„ç�†è§£ï¼Œä¸�过æ£å¥½å’Œå�¥æ„�相å��。Cå’ŒD都与å�¥æœ‰å…³ï¼Œä½†å�¥æ˜¯ç ”究的内容,而ä¸�æ˜¯ç ”ç©¶çš„ç»“æžœï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥Cå’ŒD都ä¸�对。
  25. C
  题目问从å�Žä¸€æ®µå�¯ä»¥æŽ¨æ–出,科å¦å®¶ä»¬â€¦â€¦
  A,科å¦å®¶ä»¬å¯¹æ£®æž—污染的æˆ�å› è¿·æƒ‘ä¸�解。
  B,科å¦å®¶ä»¬å› æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹å¾—åˆ°ä½¿ç”¨è€Œå¦‚é‡Šé‡�负。
  C,科å¦å®¶ä»¬è®¤ä¸ºé“…污染ä¾�然是一个难题。
  D,科å¦å®¶ä»¬ç¼ºå°‘足够的办法æ�¥åº”付铅污染。
  å�Žä¸€æ®µä»…有一å�¥è¯�,也ä¸�算长,一个å°�段出一é�“题,å�¯è§�这个å°�段å�¯èƒ½ä¼šé€ æˆ�一定的ç�†è§£å›°éš¾ã€‚
  这å�¥è¯�çš„æ ¸å¿ƒéƒ¨åˆ†æ˜¯ä¸¤ä¸ªç”±that引导的宾è¯ä»Žå�¥ï¼Œåˆ†åˆ«æ˜¯certain parts of theecosystem respond rapidly to reductionsin atmospheric pollutionå’Œthese findings should not be used as a license to pollute。å�¥å�¯ä»¥ç›´è¯‘为“生æ€�系统的æŸ�些部分对大气污染的下é™�å��应迅速â€�,这里的大气污染应该是指铅排放,大气污染下é™�çš„åŽŸå› æ˜¯æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹çš„ä½¿ç”¨ã€‚è¿™ä¸€å�¥å�«ä¹‰åº”è¯¥æ˜¯è¯´æ— é“…æ±½æ²¹ä½¿ç”¨å�Žï¼Œå› 环境(如森林)自行排解污染的能力很强,所以å�¯ä»¥è¿…速消除污染。
  第二å�¥ç›´è¯‘为“这些å�‘现ä¸�应作为污染的通行è¯�â€�,这些å�‘现主è¦�是指污染å‡�å°‘å�Žï¼ŒçŽ¯å¢ƒå�¯ä»¥è¿…速排解污染。结å�ˆä¸Šä¸€å�¥çš„å�«ä¹‰ï¼Œå�¯ä»¥åˆ¤æ–è¿™å�¥è¯�的潜å�°è¯�是“ä¸�èƒ½å› ä¸ºçŽ¯å¢ƒå�¯ä»¥è¿…速排解污染就肆æ„�排放污染â€�。
  A和文æ„�ä¸�符,Bæ£å¥½å’Œå�Žä¸€æ®µçš„第二个宾è¯ä»Žå�¥æ„�æ€�相å��。这两个选项å�¯ä»¥æŽ’除。
  Cå’ŒD都以消æž�æ€�度看待铅污染问题,符å�ˆç¬¬äºŒä¸ªå®¾è¯ä»Žå�¥çš„基调。ä¸�过,从文ä¸å�ªèƒ½å¤§è‡´çœ‹å‡ºç§‘å¦å®¶ä»¬å¯¹æ±¡æŸ“问题的忧虑æ€�度,至于是å�¦æœ‰åŠžæ³•åº”ä»˜é“…æ±¡æŸ“ï¼Œä»Žæ–‡ä¸æ— 法å�šå‡ºåˆ¤æ–。所以这é�“题应该选择C。
  çƒé—¨æŽ¨è��:
  历年英è¯å››çº§é˜…读真题全解æž�(2002-2004)
  2011å¹´12月英è¯å››çº§é˜…读试题å�Šç”案汇总
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