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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2004-2006)

  Passage Three
  Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
  Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.
  A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北�的) snow were declining.
  In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
  In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
  Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.
  The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
  Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生�系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.
  21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________.
  A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
  B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
  C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
  D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow(D)
  22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US ________.
  A) was discouraged
  B) was enforced by law
  C) was prohibited by law
  D) was introduced(B)
  23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
  A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.
  B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
  C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.
  D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.(D)
  24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________.
  A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
  B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
  C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
  D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions(A)
  25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________.
  A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
  B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
  C) still consider lead pollution a problem
  D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution(C)
  这是一篇典型报刊写法的文章,文章开头首先点出全篇论述的主题,把核心�想和关键信�和盘托出。段�供的信�主�有两点,一是六七�年代的铅沉积的主��头是美国(primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissionsoriginating in the United States),二是无铅汽油在美国推广�,全�范围内的铅沉积�少幅度很大(the lead accumulation worldwide has decreasedsignificantly)。以�段�的内容全部围绕这两个信�点展开说明。
  第二段是对段所�供的两点信�进行具体地解释,其中包括信���(个信��于《自然》�志),研究机构(National Center for Scientific Research in France),研究者(Dr. Charles Boutron),以�信�细节(研究对象是格陵兰的雪);第二个信��于Boutron于1991年�表的�一项研究�果。
  第三段是对个信�的说明,指出之所以把格陵兰的雪中沉积的铅归因于美国的�铅汽油,是因为美国与其他地区所使用的汽油�分比率��,这里的雪中铅的比率大部分符�美国汽油特点。
  接下�的三个段�是对第二个信�的说明。首先是信���(《Ambio》�志)和信�内容(lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States haddecreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline),其次是研究结果�表之�许多科学家们的设想(Many scientists had believed that……),�是研究主�过程(examinedsamples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forestfloors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania)。
  �一段总结了这两项研究�果的现实�义,指出其�应�为对污染�加控制的�由(should not be used as a license to pollute)。
  21. D
  题目问《Nature》�志上�表的研究显示……
  A,Clean Air Act法案没有产生预期的效果。
  B,北�雪铅沉积在�续增加。
  C,铅在雪和土壤中的�留时间会比预想的时间长。
  D,北�雪铅污染的元凶是美国。
  题目里的关键信�是nature�志,在第二段�到了这家�志:Astudy published recently in the journal Nature shows that……这���以说和题目几乎一样,那么该�that��的宾语从�也就是本题的答案所在。
  Air-borneleaded gas emissions from the United Stateswere the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland.
  主语的核心是gas emissions,也就是铅的散播。Air-borneleaded,表明铅是通过空气传播的。From the United States说明铅散播的��:美国。核心谓语是Were the leading contributor,表明“是主�贡献者�。To the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland表明贡献的对象为“格陵兰雪铅的高度集中�。�起�的��就是�头在美国的铅散播是格陵兰雪铅高度集中的主因。
  四个选项中D的说法与此完全一致,�以放心选D。
  22. D
  题目问无铅汽油的使用在美国被……�,世界范围内的铅沉积显著�少。
  A,被妨�之�。
  B,在法律强行施行之�。
  C,被法律�止以�。
  D,被引进以�。
  题目里的关键信�是无铅汽油,需�在文中寻找与无铅汽油以�铅沉积下�有关的内容。�以�现�三大段都没有出现无铅汽油的内容,直到第四段�次有了unleaded这个�。��为:scientistsfound that lead levels in soil in the Northeastern United States had decreasedmarkedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline,大�是美国东北部土壤中的铅��水平在无铅汽油引进�显著下�。这��里的markedly和题目中的significantly属于�义�,decreased在原文和题目中都有,�时选项D中的introduced和原文中的introduction相照应,�以判断本题选D。
  23. D
  题目问科学家们如何�现格陵兰岛的铅污染�。
  A,通过分��表在Nature和Ambio等�志上的数�。
  B,通过观察北���地区的铅沉积�。
  C,通过研究美国东北部的土壤和积雪中的化学元素。
  D,通过对比��国家�铅汽油的化学�分。
  关于格陵兰岛的铅污染�问题是第三段论述的内容。第三段一共两��,�是一个长�,Dr. Boutron found the ratios of thedifferent forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States weredifferent from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasolines and thusenabled scientists todifferentiatethe lead sources,这一��的结构是由and连接的递进关系的两个主谓结构。个主谓结构的内容是一��士的�现:在美国使用的汽油中的��铅的比率和其他地方的��;第二个主谓结构是这一�现的所带�的�果:�以使科学家们区分铅的��。
  第二��述的是�所表达内容所产生的结果:The dominant lead ratio found in Greenlandsnow matched that found in gasoline from the United States,科学家们�现在格陵兰积雪中的铅比率与美国汽油中的一致。由此就�以推断,格陵兰岛的铅污染�是美国。这一推�过程�分清晰,起决定作用的是铅比率的�现。
  关于A,阅读文章�知,�表在�志上的报告本身�示了铅的污染�,而�是通过研究报告然�推断出污染�。所以A的说法错误。
  B的说法是第二段�一�的内容:lead levels inarctic snow weredeclining,这是�士早�研究的�果,��是北�地区的�铅水平在下�。这和铅污染�没有关系。
  C 的说法和第四段的内容有关,这一段的大�是在无铅汽油引入以�,美国东北部土壤中的铅��显著下�。如此说�,的确是对美国东北部的土壤内的化学�分进行 过研究,但没有�到也对积雪进行了研究,因此C的说法�能算正确。�外,铅污染�研究的核心在于铅比率的�现,土壤铅��的下��是铅污染��论的一个� ��明而已。
  D的说法�好是文章第三段所说明的内容,是正确的。
  24. A
  题目问该项研究的作者�现了什么。
  A,森林消解污染的速度快于预计。
  B,森林里的铅沉积更�易处�。
  C,铅沉积普�分布在美国的森林之中。
  D,森林地区的上层土壤易�铅排放的污染。
  题目中的关键信�显然是Ambio study,�以�现四五六这三段�述的是有关Ambio study的内容。第四段介�了study的内容,lead levels in soil in theNortheastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction ofunleaded gasoline,这��比较容易�解,大�是引入无铅汽油�,美国东北部土壤中的铅��显著下�。四个选项都和森林有关,而这��没有�到森林,所以答案和此�关系�大。
  第五段的��是科学家们以为铅会在土壤和积雪中�留更长的时间。需�注�的是助动�had,它表示“曾�相信�,宾语从�是科学家在该研究完�之�的想法,而�是该项研究所得出的结论。�以看到这一�也和四个选项无关。
  第六段一共两��,�陈述了一个事实,�该项研究的作者们检查了��时期美国几个州的森林土壤。第二�是研究的结论:The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead fasterthan the scientists had expected,森林环境处�和消解铅沉积的速度比科学家们预计的�快。这��和A的说法正好契�,本题选择A。
  B也是考查对第二�的�解,�过正好和��相�。C和D都与�有关,但�是研究的内容,而�是研究的结果,所以C和D都�对。
  25. C
  题目问从�一段�以推断出,科学家们……
  A,科学家们对森林污染的�因迷惑�解。
  B,科学家们因无铅汽油得到使用而如释�负。
  C,科学家们认为铅污染�然是一个难题。
  D,科学家们缺少足够的办法�应付铅污染。
  �一段仅有一��,也�算长,一个�段出一�题,��这个�段�能会造�一定的�解困难。
  这��的核心部分是两个由that引导的宾语从�,分别是certain parts of theecosystem respond rapidly to reductionsin atmospheric pollution和these findings should not be used as a license to pollute。��以直译为“生�系统的�些部分对大气污染的下��应迅速�,这里的大气污染应该是指铅排放,大气污染下�的原因是无铅汽油的使用。这一��义应该是说无铅汽油使用�,因环境(如森林)自行排解污染的能力很强,所以�以迅速消除污染。
  第二�直译为“这些�现�应作为污染的通行��,这些�现主�是指污染�少�,环境�以迅速排解污染。结�上一�的�义,�以判断这��的潜��是“�能因为环境�以迅速排解污染就肆�排放污染�。
  A和文��符,B正好和�一段的第二个宾语从���相�。这两个选项�以排除。
  C和D都以消��度看待铅污染问题,符�第二个宾语从�的基调。�过,从文中�能大致看出科学家们对污染问题的忧虑�度,至于是�有办法应付铅污染,从文中无法�出判断。所以这�题应该选择C。

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