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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2004-2006)

  Passage Four
  Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
  If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.
  If you say to your children “I’m sorry I got angry with you, but ...� what follows that “but� can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day� or “your noise was giving me a headache� leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.
  Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I’m sorry you’re upset�; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.
  Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I’m useless as a parent� does not commit a person to any specific improvement.
  These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness, Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.
  But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become a ware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children’s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent’s clothes without permission is not.
  36. If a mother adds “but� to an apology, ________.
  A) she doesn’t feel that she should have apologized
  B) she does not realize that the child has been hurt
  C) the child may find the apology easier to accept
  D) the child may feel that he owes her an apology(D)
  37. According to the author, saying “I’m sorry you’re upset� most probably means “________�.
  A) You have good reason to get upset
  B) I’m aware you’re upset, but I’m not to blame
  C) I apologize for hurting your feelings
  D) I’m at fault for making you upset(B)
  38. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ________.
  A) it gets one into the habit of making empty promises
  B) it may make the other person feel guilty
  C) it is vague and ineffective
  D) it is hurtful and insulting(C)
  39. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry ________.
  A) the complexities involved should be ignored
  B) their ages should be taken into account
  C) parents need to set them a good example
  D) parents should be patient and tolerant(B)
  40. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is ________.
  A) a social issue calling for immediate attention
  B) not necessary among family members
  C) a sign of social progress
  D) not as simple as it seems(D)
  本文的�料主�内容是告诫父�们如何教导孩��人�歉,具有很强的社会实用性,也因为这一功能,文章的��造�较为平易,使用谆谆教诲的��,�使人把阅读的注�力放在告诫的内容上。
  全文�料一共6段,按照告诫的内容�分为两大部分。部分是一至五段,讲的是父�应该如何言传身教,在需�的时候真诚地�孩��歉,从而起到榜样作用。�一段讲述父�们应该使孩�们明白在何�情境下需��歉。
  段指出父�在教导孩�如何�歉时应当首先给孩��出榜样(you must be good at saying it yourself),点出本文的主�内容,而�以it can be quite tricky作为详细讲述如何�出榜样的总起�。��的二到四段分别列举了三��适宜的�歉方�,�是在sorry��接but解释�歉的原因,这会�低�歉的效果(“but� can render the apology ineffective);第二�是I’m sorry you’re upset,暗�对方主动给了别人进行烦扰的机(at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done);第三�是�歉过于空泛(general),这�方�往往�会对孩�形�具体的指导(does not commit a person to any specific improvement)。
  第五段分�了父�们采用上述�歉方�的心�原因:shows weakness,�认为�歉是示弱的表现。��作者�出了解决方案:should see it as a sign of strength,�把�歉视为一�力�的表现。
  �一段讨论了�外一个�题——告诉孩�在什么情境下需��歉。对此,作者以三��六�和�二��孩为例具体进行了解释。
  36. D
  题目问如果一个�亲在�歉之��说了“but�,将会怎样。在�歉�说but也就是解释�歉的�由。
  A,说明她觉得�应该�歉。
  B,说明她没有�识到孩�已��到了伤害。
  C,那么孩�或许会觉得�歉更容易接�。
  D,那么孩�或许会觉得他也应该��亲�歉。
  本题考查对第二段的�解。第二段首先指出在�歉之�说 but的直接结果:what follows that “but� can render the apology ineffective,but��的��能会使�歉无法产生效果。而�作者对出现这一结果的原因�了解释,以“我今天过得�好��“你�闹的声音让我头 疼�这二�为例,说明这些�会让孩�认为“he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology�,��是他也应该为引�父�的�歉而表示�歉。四个选项中�有这个��的是D。
  37. B
  本题问根�作者的观点,I’m sorry you’re upset�能的��是什么。
  A,你有很好的烦�的�由。
  B,我知�你很烦�,但这�应责怪我。
  C,我为伤害了你的感情�歉。
  D,使你烦�是我的错。
  这个��出现在第三段:Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I’m sorry you’re upset�; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done。这里一共两个��,�举出“表��歉实际没有�歉�的�一个例�,�I’m sorry you’re upset。第二�分�了这��暗�的��。���you are somehow at fault for基本呈现出了主谓宾结构,“你是有错的,因为……�for��是“你也有错�的原因。原因是Allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done,直译过�是“�许你自己�得烦�,被其他人的所作所为�,与全��系起�的��是“因为别人�了�事,你就�得烦�,对此你自己是有责任的�,言下之�是�个人�对这�事就�会烦�,你烦��能是你的错。
  C和D的说法都认为错误在到�歉人的一方,�以首先排除。B的说法与上�的分�一致,而A的��在本�中是无法体现的。
  38. C
  本题问�歉过于空泛并�是明智之举,原因是什么。
  A,这会使人养�空�承诺的习惯。
  B,这会使对方感到内疚。
  C,这��歉���混,没有效果。
  D,这��歉具有伤害性和侮辱性。
  文章第四段谈到了这个问题。第四段的段�分为两个部分,部分是个结构��的长�,用两个which引导的从�举出空泛�歉的两�例�。个例�是并�说明自己的哪一行为带有伤害或侮辱对方的��(由此�知D的�解是错误的);第二个例�是�笼统说自己�也�会这样了,也就是�具体指出到底�会怎么样了(由此�知A的�解是错误的)。第四段的第二部分�出空泛的�歉之所以�明智是因为它does not commit a person to any specific improvement,�“并�能使人�出具体的改进�,也就是说�歉过于空泛,使人�知�该在哪里改进,也就谈�上改进。C的说法�有这个��。
  39. B
  本题问从�一段�以得知,在教育孩��歉的问题上如何如何。
  A,相关��性应该被忽略。
  B,应该把他们的年龄考虑进去。
  C,父�们需�给他们树立榜样。
  D,父�们应该有�心,多容�。
  �一段讲的是如何告诉孩�识别应当�歉的情境。�一段��对此�了�示:children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry,��是孩�们需�帮助�明白�歉的��性。但这一�的�义表达并��分清晰,通过��作者所举的三个例�,�知这��的��是孩�在分辨什么情况下该�歉什么情况下�需�歉的时候需�帮助。这样就排除了A,而C的说法是�5段的内容,D的说法在第四段里没有相关内容。第四段以三个年龄的孩�为例进行论述,这就说明应当把年龄问题加以考虑,B的说法正确。
  40. D
  本题问从这篇�料�以推断出,适宜的�歉方�是……
  A,一个急需关注的社会问题。本文讨论的是父�该如何指导孩��歉,主�论述�歉技巧问题,没有把�歉方�上�到社会问题,“急需关注�的社会问题就更谈�上了。
  B,在家庭�员之间�是必需的。文中举出了很多例��说明父�应以正确的方���孩��歉,��在作者看�家庭�员之间�适的�歉�能说是�有�无的。
  C,社会进步的表现。文章没有�到适宜的�歉方�与社会进步有什么关系。
  D,并��看上去那么简�。�五段一开始指出父��孩��歉时应该讲究技巧,所用的�是tricky,而�用了数段具体讲述应当如何讲究技巧,��适宜的�歉方�并�简�。而父�们往往��好这一点,�是因为它看似简�,所以D的说法是正确的。

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