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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2002-2004)

  2003.9
  Passage One
  Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
  A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver, Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone, By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.
  The authors also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight, with passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.
  Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with “really stupid behavior� than with just a lack of driving experience. “The basic issue.� Be says, “is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is.�
  Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使…缓解) the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges.
  Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers, California is the strictest, with a novice (新手) driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20 (without the presence of an adult over 25) for the first six months.
  21. Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?
  A) Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after 10 p.m.
  B) A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.
  C) Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.
  D) A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.(B)
  22. According to Robert Foss. The high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to ________.
  A) their frequent driving at night
  B) their improper way of driving
  C) their lack of driving experience
  D) their driving with passengers(C)
  23. According to Paragraph 3. which of the following statements is TRUE?
  A) Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.
  B) Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.
  C) Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.
  D) The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers’ driving accidents.(D)
  24. A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers’ driving accidents is that ________.
  A) driving in the presence of an adult should be made a rule
  B) they should be prohibited from taking on passengers
  C) they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p.m.
  D) the licensing system should be improved(D)
  25. The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system ________.
  A) is under discussion
  B) is about to be set up
  C) has been put into effect
  D) has been perfected(C)
  这篇文章讲的是�少年驾车车祸死亡率过高的问题。文章总共五个段�,基本呈现了一个“�出问题��“分�原因��“解决办法�三步格局。这也是论说文常用的结构,了解这�结构对于�解文章的�义是有好处的。
  �两段�出问题,问题通常是具体的问题,作者�需以例举的方��读者呈现问题就�以了。开头先是交代了获知问题的��:美国医学�会�志上的一篇研究(Journal of the American Medical Association)。这�信��以说一箭�雕,既能表明这一问题的严�性(�则一个医学�会�会进行研究),��必多费篇幅去�明这一问题的真实性�普�性(美国医学�会当然具有��性)。
  How risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver,这是一个总领�,��是�一个�少年驾驶者的车是多么的�险。��是一个例�,一个16�的�机�载三四�乘客时,其�生致命事故的�能性是他�独驾车时的3�(a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone)。而与此对应,30到59�的�机�载乘客时其�生致死车祸的�能性�在�低(the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases)。
  下一段继续举例。�少年在晚上10点以�驾车的死亡率大幅上�。车内�时�有乘客的�,则�生致死事故的�能性会更高。
  问题呈现完毕,接下�就是分�原因了。作者以��人士Robert Foss之�说出了问题背�的实质:higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with “really stupid behavior� than with just a lack of driving experience,这个��较难�解,关键在于��have less to do with……than这个�型。这个�型的原型是have something to do with,��是与……有关,那么have less to do with ……than就是“与……的关系�如与……的关系大�的��。这��想�表达的��就是:与将其归因于“愚蠢行为�相比,用缺少驾驶�验�解释如此高的死亡率更为��。他继续分��,问题的根本在于负责�放驾照的大人们没有�识到驾车的��性和技术难度(fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is)。
  问题的解决方案在于使�州�布“驾照分步�放系统�(graduated licensing systems),这一系统�求�少年首先�具备在�人监护下驾车的能力,��是乘客人数�制,�是完全���制地驾驶��。
  这一系统的实施情况和效果如何呢?�一段写到,它�少了�少年�机所�生的车祸数�(reduced teenage driver crashes)。有大约一�的州实施了类似的系统,�过�有10个州对乘客进行了�制(only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers),加利�尼亚在这方��制严。
  21. B
  根�文章内容,下列哪�情况为�险。
  关于驾车�险性问题,在文章开头举的几个例�中有充分的说明。个例�说一个16�的�机�载三四�乘客时,其�生致命事故的�能性是他�独驾车时的3�,第二个例�说�少年在晚上10点以�驾车的死亡率大幅上�;车内�时�有乘客的�,则�生致死事故的�能性会更高。把这�题的几个选项和上�的例�进行对比就�以找到正确答案。
  A,夜里10点以�,�年人在高速公路上驾车�载未�年人。例�的说法是夜里10点以��少年驾车�时�载别人的�险性高,而�是�年人驾车。A把主体�错了。
  B,一个未�年人在�夜�驾车,车中�有乘客。第二段的例��到了个这个说法。
  C,�年人在深夜驾车�载三个或三个以上未�年乘客。文章例�中�到的�险情况都为驾车人是未�年人。
  D,未�年人在�夜高速公路上�载陌生人的车。这个选项体现了出题人的想象力,在现实中,未�年人夜间�载陌生人的车的确�常�险,但这�在文章的讨论范围。
  22. C
  题目的��是根�Robert Foss的说法,�少年驾车者的高死亡率主�是因为什么。
  A,他们�常在夜间驾车。
  B,他们驾驶的方���当。
  C,他们缺�驾驶�验。
  D,他们驾车�载了乘客。
  文章�到Robert Foss是在第三段,(Robert Foss, a scientist at the University),那么答案也�能在第三段寻找,至多�考一下第四段。正确�解这��的��:higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with “really stupid behavior� than with just a lack of driving experience——高死亡率与驾驶�验缺失的关系比“�傻事�更大。由此��C所说的缺少驾驶�验是正确的。
  23. D
  根�第三段的内容,下列哪项�述是正确的。
  观察第三段,是一个�是很长的段�。在�段上出题,�时�指明把考查范围�定在该段,则很有�能这个�段出现了难�。
  第三段一共�有两��,上一题已�考查过了�,两���时考查一��的�能性很�,所以�把注�力集中在第二��的�解上,而彻底了解这��的��应该结��文。第二�引用了Robert的原�:The basic issue is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is——从字�上看,这����是:根本问题是,负责�放驾照的�年人(adults who are responsible for issuing licenses)没能 (fail to)认识到驾驶汽车�常��且技术性很强(recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is)。
  A,�少年应该花更多的时间�学习驾驶。����到驾驶汽车�常��且技术性很强,�过解决方案必定是花费更多时间�?��得。改��放驾照程�就是一例。
  B,学习驾驶技术对于�少年�说是过于��了。����到驾驶汽车�常��且技术性很强,�过这就�味��少年�能学习驾驶技术了�?�是,解决方案是下文�到的调整�放驾照的程�。
  C,对�少年的驾驶学习申请应该加以�制。�制学习人数�是解决办法,文章也没有�到这一点。
  D,�放驾照部门应对�少年驾车事故负部分责任。从第二�字����以直接推出D的结论。�外,�文�出的解决方案是改�管�当局的现有政策,从这一点也�看出管�当局应该负有一定责任。
  24.D
  题目问文中�到了关于�少�少年驾车事故的措施的建议,这�建议是什么。
  A,应该把在大人监护下�能驾车制定�规则。
  B,�少年应被�止�载乘客。
  C,他们�应被�许在夜里10点以�驾车。
  D,应当改进驾照�放系统。
  这�题比较简�,文章的第四五两段讲的都是驾照�放系统的改进问题,应当选择D。对于A�B�C所说的几�建议,在�两段介�的建议中都�字未�,所以�应选择。
  25.C
  目�大约一�左�的州的情况是驾照分步�放系统如何如何。
  A,正处讨论中。
  B,将�得到确立。
  C,已�起到了效果。
  D,已�得到完善。
  这�题考查�一段的内容。�Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes的��很明了,分步�放系统已��少�少年驾车事故,这说明这一系统已�起到了效果,与C的说法一致。��的一��是个长�,大体��是说一�的州虽然实施了分步�放系统,但在乘客�制上�是很严格,�有加利�尼亚较为严格。这说明这一系统还需�进行完善,D就�对了。文章没有�到这一系统是�正处讨论中,从已�实施这一情况�看,应该是讨论过并得到确立了。这样A和B的说法就都是错误的。

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