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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2002-2004)

  Passage Four
  Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
  The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.
  The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation’s moral climate, says this ethics (伦�学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
  But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles. “The thought that ‘I’m in it for me’ has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness,� Ms. Elshtain says.
  Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today’s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.
  In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. and Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.
  The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent “golden age,� Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful (一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.
  Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society, she says. “Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant’ be bought.�
  36. Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans ________.
  A) have adapted to a new set of moral standards
  B) are longing for the return of the good old days
  C) have realized the importance of material things
  D) are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards(D)
  37. The moral decline of American society is caused manly by ________.
  A) its growing wealth
  B) the self-centeredness of individuals
  C) underestimating the impact of social changes
  D) the prejudice against women and minorities(B)
  38. Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?
  A) Great mobility.
  B) Concern for one’s neighbors.
  C) Emphasis on individual effort.
  D) Ever-weakening social bonds.(B)
  39. In the 1950s, classroom violence ________.
  A) was something unheard of
  B) was by no means a rare occurrence
  C) attracted a lot of pubic attention
  D) began to appear in analysts’ data(A)
  40. According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed ________.
  A) if people can return to the “golden age�
  B) when women and mean enjoy equal rights
  C) when people rid themselves of prejudice
  D) if less emphasis is laid on material things(D)
  这篇�料讲的是美国社会的�德衰�问题。个�段首先�到社会�德衰�的问题终于�到了普通民众的关注(at last captured the attention of average Americans)。之�的一段则说明了这�现象的出现会带�什么影�:is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it,��是普通民众的关注会促进新想法的产生,从而有助于解决�德衰�问题。
  然而�德衰�问题的解决��说起�那么容易,第三段说明了这里存在的主�障�是物质主义和个人主义在美国社会的泛滥(Materialism and individualism in American society),专家认为这些�想在美国的国民�识中已�根深蒂固(deeply rooted in the national consciousness)。
  那么是什么造�了个人主义的泛滥呢?下一段认为部分原因是传统社区的解体(disintegration of traditional communities)。在传统社区中,邻里邻居会互相关照,而今天,人��动性大和普�的��工现象使人们的�系��那么紧密(greater mobility and with so many couples working),个人转而�到了更多的�视。
  解�完原因之�,作者�把�题转了回�,�新说明开头的论题:美国民众对�德衰�的关注。作者�引1996年的一次问�调查,指出�德衰�是美国所�临的问题,而�借��专家之��出评�:民众确实有�由对�德衰�投以关注,因为现在的很多问题,比如�级暴力等在五�年代是闻所未闻的。
  下�的一段比较难于�解。The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament for some nonexistent “golden age�,主语比较简�,指的就是民众对�德��的�求。Lament是挽歌的��,nonexistent “golden age�是�存在的黄金时代。�以这么�解,在说�人看�,曾�的�德水平较高的时代并�能算是一个黄金时代,所以称之为nonexistent,而lament for则 �味�这一时代的终结,�则�会出现这个时代的挽歌。总的��是:民众对�德��的�求,并�代表一个黄金时代的结�;�过��解就是,因为过去那个时代 的�德水平较高,�以被�些人看�是黄金时代(在说�人看��是),而现在民众们都在�求��社会�德,说明社会�德水平较高的时代已��存在了。
  nor is it a wishful longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities字���是“也�是对一个时代的渴望,这个时代没有给女人和少数民�机会。�从这���以看出,在过去的那个时代,虽然�德水平较高,但是�存在歧视女性和少数民�的现象,作者认为现在的人们希求的�是那样的一个时代。��的一�指出,现在的人们希望�少歧视。
  �料�一段指明解决�德衰�问题的基本方�:find ways to counter the materialism in society。�一�也存在�解问题,You recognize that the things that matter are those that cant’ be bought,这里需�注�的是matter的��,matter是��物动�,其�出者是things,��是“那些�紧的事情,真正有�义的事情�。
  36. D
  题目问这�教授�常高兴地看到美国人……
  A,适应了一套新的�德标准。
  B,渴望回到美好的过去。
  C,已��识到物质的��性。
  D,对他们�德标准的衰�事实正在醒悟。
  �以看到题目�到了教授的pleased(高兴),这是一个�定点,在文章中的直接�述是段�一�(And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad)。这样�以断定这�题考查的是文章的��。为了便于�解,�以把破折�中间的��去掉。这��的主语是“�德标准的下��(decline in moral standards),谓语是capture(抓�),宾语是“普通美国人的关注�。那么��很清楚了:普通美国人关注起了�德标准的下�。四个答案中D是正确的。
   37. B
  题目问美国社会的�德衰�主�是由什么引起的。
  A,美国�断增长的财富。
  B,个人的自我中心主义。
  C,对社会��影�的低估。
  D,对妇女和少数民�的��。
  文章第三段是对�德衰�原因的分�。Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles,从这��以看出物质主义和个人主义这两点是美国社会的障�,也是引��德衰�的原因。Materialism,物质主义,指对物 质财富的崇尚,和财富本身的增长没有直接�系(比如纵使财富增长,人们�并�崇尚财富),因此A的说法�对。
  个人的自我中心主义应该属于individualism,因此B的说法正确。
  第三段��与C的说法有关。the challenge is not to be underestimated,挑战�应被低估。这里的挑战就是指的Materialism和individualism。出题人在这里用了一招障眼法,把challenge��了形近的change,相信眼尖的考生�会上当。
  D所述的the prejudice against women and minorities出现在倒数第二段,根�篇章分�对这一段的说明,这�歧视现象是过去那个�德水平较高时代的现象,因此��会是它引起了现今�德水平的下�。
  38. B
  题目问下列哪一项属于传统社区的特点。
  A,高�动性。
  B,对邻居的关心。
  C,对个人努力的�视。
  D,�断弱化的社会�系。
  上一段考查的是第三�段,这一段应该考查第四或第五段了。从内容�看,第四�段谈到了传统社区的情况,因此答案应该就在第四段。
  首先�看�,Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which neighbors looked out for one another, she says。主�的��是部分原因�以归于传统社区的解体,��的从�用�对传统社区进行�定(in which中的which指代的就是传统社区),��是“在传统社区中,邻居们会互相关照�。由此��,对邻居的关照是传统社区的特点。这样答案就很清楚了,B的��与此一致。
  其他三个选项考查对第四段��部分的�解。With today’s greater mobility and with so many couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self,这里�到了高�动性(greater mobility),高�动性实际应该是指人�居�地�断�化,邻居之间相处时间�会很长,也就无法培养良好关系,当然也�会互相关心互相照料。�以说A 是造�C和D的原因之一(�一原因是��工——夫妻二人都去上�,也就很少有机会和邻居交往),而C和D都是现今社会的特点,�是传统社区的特点。
  39. A
  题目问在20世纪50年代,�级暴力如何如何。
  A,闻所未闻。
  B,���然�生。
  C,�引了公众很多关注。
  D,开始出现在分�家们的数�中。
  classroom violence出现在第五段的�一�,那么应该首先去第五段寻找答案。整个��是这样的:Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers,开头是“数�表明�,��是数�所显示的内容。Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s,美国人正在�许多问题�斗争,这些问题在五�年代闻所未闻(unheard of),such as表示例举,说明classroom violence是problems的一个例�。
  四个选项中A肯定是正确的。B的说法与A正好相�(by no means,��;rare,�少。���定等于肯定,也就是说�级暴力在五�年代�常�生),是错误的。C的说法与A相互矛盾,既然闻所未闻,也就��能投入关注。
  D有一定迷惑性,按照��,�级暴力肯定存在于分�家的数�中,因为�头就有data show。但�注�,题目的开头有一�In the 1950s,也就是说�级暴力进入分�家的数�是在50年代。�级暴力在那时尚且闻所未闻,当然是��能进入分�数�的。
  40. D
  题目问根�Elshtain的说法,当�的�德衰�在什么情况下会“�转�(也就是�衰�为��)。
  A,如果人们能够回到黄金时代。
  B,当男性与女性享有�等的�利。
  C,当人们消除了��。
  D,当物质较少�到�视的时候。
  看了题目以�,�以�现�一段的��直接�到了Moral decline和reversed:Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society。这里使用了一个not until��,这���与中国人的�维相差较大,�以把not去掉�until��when��解。这样的�,��就很明显了:�德衰�出现�转是在人们�现对付社会�行的物质主义的方法的时候。这个��应该说与D�常接近,应该选D。
  A�B�C考查的都是倒数第二段的内容。篇章分�已�对这一段进行了详细说明。

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