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历年英语四级阅读真题全解�(2002-2004)

  Passage Two
  Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
  Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.�
  Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in you wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,� says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.�
  Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,� says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.� Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.
  Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,� he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (�物) with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
  Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,� says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember.
  26. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?
  A) It helps us understand our memory system better.
  B) It enables us to recall something form our memory.
  C) It expands our memory capacity considerably.
  D) It slows down the process of losing our memory.(B)
  27. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that ________.
  A) they have a wider range of interests
  B) they are more reliant on the environment
  C) they have an unusual power of focusing their attention
  D) they are more interested in what’s happening around them(D)
  28. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because ________.
  A) it will easily get lost
  B) it’s not clear enough for you to read
  C) it’s out of your sight
  D) it might get mixed up with other things(C)
  29. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
  A) If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.
  B) Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.
  C) Repetition helps improve our memory.
  D) If we keep forgetting things, we’d better return to where we were.(A)
  30. What is the passage mainly about?
  A) The process of gradual memory loss.
  B) The causes of absent-mindedness.
  C) The impact of the environment on memory.
  D) A way if encoding and recalling.(B)
  这篇�料讲的是人们的�忘行为。一共有五段,段�出�忘的问题并�了�步分�,二三两段是对�忘原因的分�,�两段告诉人们一些对付�忘的办法。这三部分呈现一个标准的�出问题�分�问题�解决问题的逻辑顺�。
  作者在开头举了两个�忘的例�:丢三�四和进了房间�忘了去干什么(forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room),而��了�步分�:caused by a simple lack of attention,原因仅仅是缺少注�力。因为注�力的缺失,本应记�的东西,�没有“编��进你的大脑中(you haven’t encoded it deeply)。
  下一段继续详述信�编�失败如何会导致�忘。作者举了一个例�:你在和人谈� 的时候把手机放入�袋中�没有注�到这一点,还以为手机放在了衣柜里的夹克内。显然,谈�本身��了人的注�力,而在放手机的行为上就出现了注�力缺失。 作者借一�专业人士的�指出,人的记忆力没有问题,�是人们没有把信�适当地输入记忆系统(you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed)。这是注�力缺失导致�忘的根本所在。
  接下�,作者�出了�忘的�一个原因:缺少兴趣(Lack of interest)。作者举了一个例�:一个男人�以记�一场体育比赛的数�而三�年�忘,��能会忘了寄信(may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.)。女性的记忆力比男性�好,很�能是因为她们对环境的注�力更强,而记忆本身��有赖于此(they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.)。从这���以看出,缺少兴趣是导致注�力缺失的一个直接原因,与编�失败是并列关系,而�是与注�力缺失并列构��忘的原因。
  �两段�出了对付�忘的建议。首先是�一些“视觉�示物�(Visual cues)。这些�示物�清晰��,�时伸手��(clear and available)。比如,为了使自己记得在�饭的时候��,就应该把�瓶放在厨房的桌�上,而��放在�柜里,�写一个纸�放进�袋。
  倒数第二段的建议�以说是针对丢三�四这一�忘现象,�一段�针对“走进房间�忘了去�什么��出了建议。的办法是回到进入房间之�的地方(The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember)。
  26. B
  题目问为什么作者认为正确编�是�常��的。
  A,正确编��以帮助我们更好地�解我们的记忆系统。
  B,使我们凭记忆想起事情。
  C,相当程度上拓展我们的记忆能力。
  D,延缓记忆衰退的过程。
  作者次�到encode是在段末尾,然�在第二段开头对encode�了详细说明。全�是这样的:Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later——encoding is a special way是��的主体,��是“编�是一�对事件加以关注的特殊方��。Has a major impact on recalling it later,对以�想起这一事件�有很大影�。���说,Encoding�以使我们回忆起�生过的事件,其原�是对�生事件加以特殊关注。四个答案中B 的说法与此一致。
  27. D
  题目问女性比男性拥有更佳记忆力的一个�能原因是什么。
  A,她们的兴趣更加广泛。
  B,她们对环境的�赖更强。
  C,她们具有�一般的集中注�力的能力。
  D,她们对�生在身边的事情更有兴趣。
  文章�到题目所说的女性比男性记忆力好是在第三段:Women have slightly better memories than men,也解释了原因possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that——�能是因为她们对周围环境更加注�,而记忆��有赖于此。原因的解释虽然清晰,但看看四个选项,选出正确答案�并�容易。A和B离题较远,� 以排除;关键�在C和D之间�出选择。C强调注�力,D强调兴趣。从文章原��看,�出现了attention,�注�力,没有出现interest,� 兴趣,似乎应该选择C。这时需�查看上下文,段首的一�是Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness(缺少兴趣也能导致心�在焉),这应该是段�的总起�,全段内容都是围绕它�展开的。这样的�,女性与男性对比的例� 应该也是�务于这��,也就是强调兴趣。本题�以选D。
  �看C,C�出女性的集中注�力的能力更强,但文中��到pay more attention,这是一个事实�结果,原因是�是能力更强呢?文章没有直接说明,从段首��看,并�是能力强,而是兴趣问题。
  28. C
  题目问放在衣袋里的便�很难作为�示物,是因为什么。
  A,便�容易丢失。
  B,�够清楚易读。
  C,�在你的视线之内。
  D,�能会与其他物�混在一起。
  文章�到“衣袋里的便��是在第四段,原�是这样的:don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket,��是��把�瓶留在�柜内,而自己写一张纸��进�袋。这��是在�定“写纸�放进�袋�这��醒方�,与题目所说一致。�过这��没有 说明为何��的原因,原因还�到上文去找。
  这一段中�供分�的地方一共两处,一是�首Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness,这是本段的总起�,是对段�核心��的概括。需�注�的是它�到了“视觉�示物�,也就是“看得��的�示物。�一 处是But be sure the cue is clear and available,�示物�清楚�易得。这两处所强调的共�点是�示物必须是举目所���于视线范围之内的。四个答案中与此为接近的是C。A和D的说法在文中没有�毫��,�以排除。B是一个迷惑选项,因为它使用了clear一�,而文中的But be sure the cue is clear and available一�中也出现了clear。但B中clear��跟的是for you to read,表明“清楚�是为了辨认字迹,而�是如文中所说��现“。
  29. A
  本题问我们能从�一段中知�什么。
  A,如果我们把注�力集中在一件事上,就�能会忘记了�一件。
  B,记忆一定程度上有赖于环境。
  C,��有助于改善记忆。
  D,如果我们总是忘记事情,那么回到原�的地方。
  �一段主�讨论“走进房间�忘了去�什么�这一�忘现象,一共四��,��述现象,第二�给出了�能的原因——在想�外一件事。第三�借他人之�指出这�情况频��生。�一�是解决办法:回到原�的地方。
  A的说法是在解释�忘的原因,和�一段第二��的��一致,是正确的推�。
  环境是上文论述的内容,在�一段毫无��,因此B的说法是错误的。
  �一段也没有�到“���的问题,C�以排除。
  D的说法有一定迷惑性,因为其���在文中直接�到过,而���也似乎和Everyone does this from time to time一�存在�系(from time to time也有“总是�的��)。这时�注�文中的this到底指的是什么。�文讲的是人们走进了房间�忘记了去�什么,而原因很�能是在想�外一件事,那 么this指代的必然是�文的这一内容,也就是“人们一次�一次地在走进一个房间时脑�里��考�别的事情。�D所说的keep forgetting things过于笼统,实际上,我们从第四段能够推�出的仅仅是“走入房间�忘记去�什么�这一�情况�以用“回到原�的地方�这�方法解决。D认为��频��生�忘就�回到原�的地方,显然是�对的。
  30. B
  题目问本篇文章主�是关于什么的。
  A,记忆��衰退的过程。
  B,�忘现象的原因。
  C,环境对记忆的影�。
  D,一�编�与回忆的方�。
  篇章分�已��到本文的大体结构,段�出�忘的问题并�了�步分�,二三两段是对�忘原因的分�,�两段告诉人们一些对付�忘的办法。�以说文章结 构相当完备,现象�原因�解决办法都有涉�。A的说法应该属于现象,但文中没有�到过�忘现象是一个gradual(��的)过程。�外,现象在文中是一个微�足�的部分,与题目所�求的mainly about�符。
  B所说的原因是第二三段的内容(段末也有涉�),从二三段的字数和��性�看,�以认为是文章的主�内容。当然,这个选项如果能加上�忘的解决办法就更加��了。
  C和D讲的都是原因中的一个部分,�能看作是文章主�内容。

  编辑推�:
  2011年12月英语四级阅读试题�答案汇总
  2011年6月英语四级阅读试题�答案汇总

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